{"id":12365,"date":"2019-11-19T13:15:05","date_gmt":"2019-11-19T13:15:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-culture\/longquan-celadon-firing-and-manufacturing-skills-long-quan-qing-ci-shao-zhi-ji-yi\/"},"modified":"2019-11-19T13:15:05","modified_gmt":"2019-11-19T13:15:05","slug":"longquan-celadon-firing-and-manufacturing-skills-long-quan-qing-ci-shao-zhi-ji-yi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/longquan-celadon-firing-and-manufacturing-skills-long-quan-qing-ci-shao-zhi-ji-yi\/","title":{"rendered":"Longquan Celadon Firing and Manufacturing Skills \u9f99\u6cc9\u9752\u74f7\u70e7\u5236\u6280\u827a"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2006\u5e74
Time: 2006
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Category: Traditio<\/em>nal Handicraft Skills
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Region: Zhejiang Province
\u7f16\u53f7\uff1a\u2167—9
Ref. No.: VIII-9
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Nominating unit[s]: Lo<\/em>ngquan City, Zhejiang Province
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Located in the southwestern part of Zhejiang Province and neighboring Jiangxi and Fujian provinces, Lo<\/em>ngquan is a famous historical and cultural city, renowned for its celadon production. Archeological survey shows that there are over 500 ancient celadon kilns, more than 360 of which are within Longquan’s bounds. And this large celadon system is known as Lo<\/em>ngquan Kilns.
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It is famous for its lo<\/em>ngest celadon-firing history, broadest kiln coverage, and highest quality and largest production and export volume. This kiln emerged in the Western Jin Dynasty, and began to take shape in the Northern Song Dynastry and reached its peak in mid-late Southern Song Dynasty. Ge kiln in the traditio<\/em>nal Lo<\/em>ngquan Kilns enjoys a reputation as high as that of Guan, Ru, Ding and Jun kilns, and they are collectively referred to as the five famous kilns in the Song dynasty. Skills developed in Lo<\/em>ngquan Kilns promoted the development of kilns in various regions. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, products similar to Lo<\/em>ngquan celadon were manufactured in kilns in coastal areas in Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangxi provinces. Celadons from Lo<\/em>ngquan Kilns were sold well in foreign countries, and exported in large volume to the outside world in Song and Yuan dynasties. Chen Qiaoyi stated in his Preface to Records of Place Names in Lo<\/em>ngquan County “Lo<\/em>ngquan celadons are sold everywher, ranging from each port of southeastern China coast to the Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Red Sea along the Indian Ocean and to the eastern African coast.” This kind of celadon reached its production peak in the Song and Yuan dynasties. In the Ming Dynasty, despite its equally large production volume, its quality failed to reach its former excellence. Then, in the Qing Dynasty, it gradually declined. After the late Qing Dynasty, firing activities ceased, and o<\/em>nly several kilns still kept imitation production.
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Lo<\/em>ngquan celadon manufacturing process flow co<\/em>nsists of 8 steps: material preparation, forming, trimming, decoration, glazing, biscuiting, boxing, loading into kiln and firing, among which glazing and firing stand themselves out for their characteristics. After the clay body gets dry, glazing is applied, involving shaking, dipping, coating, and spraying. Products with heavy glaze generally needs repeated steps including glazing and biscuiting, which must be performed for four or five times, sometimes or even as many as over 10times before firing. The biscuiting temprature always remains as relatively low as 800 \u2103 while glaze firing is done at 1200 \u2103 or so. Temprature is gradually raised and controlled, and kiln atmostphere is co<\/em>ntrolled according to requirements till the final products are fired sucessfully. From the Southern Song Dynasty to the early Yuan Dynasty, eggshell celadon with original glaze was produced from Lo<\/em>ngquan Kilns through the technique of firing after each glazing so that over ten layers of glazing may be applied at most.
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The celadon firing is not o<\/em>nly a technique but also an art. Premium celadon products, green and smooth, lustrous and translucent, and full of charm, reflect profound cultural connotations, enjoying jade-like beauty.
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After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the celadon firing skill, which o<\/em>nce suffered downturn in the late Qing dynasty and at the beginning of the period of the Republic of China, has been recovered. Given the replacement by modern products, market demand for celadon ware is not much. At present, some of the celadon manufacturing skills are gradually lost. In addition, with the introdution of modern machinery, traditio<\/em>nal handicraft skills for manufacturing celadon is co<\/em>nfronted with daunting challenges of extinction, requiring our immediate saving and protection.
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Inheritor(s):
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Xu Chaoxing
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