{"id":15782,"date":"2020-01-08T22:49:06","date_gmt":"2020-01-08T22:49:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-grammar\/chinese-grammar-direction-complement\/"},"modified":"2020-01-08T22:49:06","modified_gmt":"2020-01-08T22:49:06","slug":"chinese-grammar-direction-complement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/chinese-grammar-direction-complement\/","title":{"rendered":"Chinese grammar: Direction complement"},"content":{"rendered":"

\tA direction complement is a verbal complement that's used, you guessed it, to describe the direction of a verb. Also known as: \u8d8b\u5411\u8865\u8bed (q\u016bxiàng b\u01d4y\u01d4), directional complement and complement of direction.<\/p>\n

\tComing and going<\/strong>
\tThe most basic (and common) form of direction complement is formed by a verb and \u6765 or \u53bb: \t<\/p>\n

\tThe most important thing to consider with direction complements is the position of the speaker. If the action moves towards the speaker or comes closer in any way, use \u6765. If the action moves away from the speaker or becomes more distant in any way, use \u53bb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\t\tDirection complement examples<\/strong><\/caption>\n
\t\t\t\t <\/th>\n \t\t\t\tDirection<\/th>\n \t\t\t\tVerb<\/th>\n \t\t\t\tComplement<\/th>\n \t\t\t\tExplanation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\tPosition of speaker<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t←<\/strong><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0b<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0b\u6765<\/td>\n \t\t\t\tThe movement is down towards the speaker: "come down"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t→<\/strong><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0b<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0b\u53bb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\tThe movement is down away from the speaker: "go down"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t←<\/strong><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0a<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0a\u6765<\/td>\n \t\t\t\tThe movement is up towards the speaker: "come up"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t→<\/strong><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0a<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0a\u53bb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\tThe movement is up and away from the speaker: "go up"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t←<\/strong><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u51fa<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u51fa\u6765<\/td>\n \t\t\t\tThe movement is out and towards the speaker: "come out"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t→<\/strong><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u51fa<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u51fa\u53bb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\tThe movement is out and away from the speaker: "go out"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t←<\/strong><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fdb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fdb\u6765<\/td>\n \t\t\t\tThe movement is in and towards the speaker: "come in"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t→<\/strong><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fdb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fdb\u53bb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\tThe movement is in and away from the speaker: "go in"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\tYou might be wondering how the directional distinction between \u6765 and \u53bb works when you're talking about yourself moving. You can't move away from or towards yourself, so should it be \u6765 or \u53bb? The answer is to look at the context of the movement you're talking about. Are you telling someone you'll see them tomorrow? As in English, in Chinese you'd say something like "I'll come and see you tomorrow".<\/p>\n

\tUsage examples<\/strong>
\tYou can use these simple compounds in a huge variety of situations. Here are some examples: \t<\/p>\n

W\u01d2 zài lóu shàn\u0261 , q\u01d0n\u0261 n\u01d0 shí f\u0113n zh\u014dn\u0261 y\u01d0 hòu shàn\u0261 lái .
\t\u6211 \u5728 \u697c\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bf7 \u4f60\u5341\u5206\u949f\u4ee5\u540e\u4e0a\u6765\u3002<\/div>\n
I'm on the upper floor. Please come up in ten minutes.<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

\tWith other verbs<\/strong>
\t\u6765 and \u53bb can form direction compounds with many other verbs. Some more examples: \t<\/p>\n

N\u01d0 shén me shí hou huí lái?
\t\u4f60 \u4ec0\u4e48\u65f6\u5019 \u56de\u6765 \uff1f<\/div>\n
When are you coming back?<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

\tAdding a place with \u5230<\/strong>
\tDirection complements are very useful for talking about arriving at destinations. The structure for this is: \t<\/p>\n

\tNotice that you separate the verb from its direction complement. The location goes in between the two. Some examples:<\/strong> \t<\/p>\n

W\u01d2 mèi mei dào shàn\u0261 h\u01cei lái le.
\t\u6211 \u59b9\u59b9 \u5230 \u4e0a\u6d77 \u6765 \u4e86\u3002<\/div>\n
My sister arrived in Shanghai.<\/div>\n<\/p>\n

\tCompound direction complements<\/strong>
\tDirection complements can be more complex than just \u6765 or \u53bb. You can form compound direction complements in the following way:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n
\t\tCompound direction complements<\/strong><\/caption>\n
\t\t\t\t <\/th>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0a<\/th>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0b<\/th>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fdb<\/th>\n \t\t\t\t\u51fa<\/th>\n \t\t\t\t\u56de<\/th>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fc7<\/th>\n \t\t\t\t\u8d77<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t\u6765<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0a\u6765<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0b\u6765<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fdb\u6765<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u51fa\u6765<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u56de\u6765<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fc7\u6765<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8d77\u6765<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t\u53bb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0a\u53bb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0b\u53bb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fdb\u53bb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u51fa\u53bb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u56de\u53bb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fc7\u53bb<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t–<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\tThese compounds can then be used in the same way as \u6765 and \u53bb. Attach them to verbs to give detail about the direction of the action. Some examples:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\t\tCompound direction complement examples<\/strong><\/caption>\n
\t\t\t\tSubject<\/th>\n \t\t\t\tVerb<\/th>\n \t\t\t\tDirection complement<\/em><\/th>\n \t\t\t\t <\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t\u4f60<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u5750<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0b\u6765<\/em><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t\u4ed6<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8d70<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fdb\u6765<\/em><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t\u5979<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u5750\u98de\u673a<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u56de\u6765<\/em><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t\u6211\u4eec<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8d70<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u51fa\u6765<\/em><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t\u4f60<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8dd1\u6b65<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8fc7\u6765<\/em><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t\u4f60\u4eec<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u7ad9<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8d77\u6765<\/em><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\t\t\t\t\u54b1\u4eec<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u8d70<\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u4e0b\u53bb<\/em><\/td>\n \t\t\t\t\u3002<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\tDirection complements and objects<\/strong>
\tDirection complements are not only used to describe the movement of people. Moving objects can also be described with direction complements. Again, the direction of the movement relative to the speaker (or at least to the context of the conversation) is what's most important when deciding what complement to use. \t<\/div>\n
\tThis is the structure for the basic form of a sentence with a direction complement and an object. Verbs that commonly appear in this construction include \u62ff, \u9001, and \u5e26. Some examples: \t<\/p>\n
W\u01d2 dài lái le y\u012b xi\u0113 shuí \u0261u\u01d2.
\t\u6211 \u5e26 \u6765 \u4e86 \u4e00 \u4e9b \u6c34\u679c\u3002<\/div>\n
I brought some fruits.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\t <\/div>\n
\tDirection complements and \u628a<\/strong>
\tDirection complements work very well in \u628a sentences, as they can be used to describe the disposal of an object (what happened to it in the end). Because of this, it's very common to see direction complements and \u628a appearing together. The structure is: \t<\/div>\n
\tThe above examples can be re-arranged into \u628a sentences: \t<\/p>\n
W\u01d2 b\u01ce y\u012b xi\u0113 shuí \u0261u\u01d2 dài lái le.
\t\u6211 \u628a \u4e00 \u4e9b \u6c34\u679c \u5e26 \u6765 \u4e86\u3002<\/div>\n
Negating direction complements<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\t <\/div>\n
\tDirection complements are negated in the same way as other complements. Treat the verb and direction complement as a compound verb, and negate it with \u4e0d or \u6ca1\u6709:<\/div>\n
\t<\/div>\n
\tSome examples:<\/strong> \t<\/p>\n
w\u01d2 bú huì huí qù \u3002
\t\u6211 \u4e0d\u4f1a \u56de \u53bb\u3002<\/div>\n
I cannot go back.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\t <\/div>\n
\tDirection complements in questions<\/strong><\/div>\n
\tYou can form questions with sentences containing result complements just as you would with any other sentence:
\tWith a question particle
\tWith a question word
\tWith positive-negative inversion<\/div>\n
\tSome examples:<\/strong> \t<\/p>\n
N\u01d0 dào shàn\u0261 h\u01cei lái le m\u0251 ?
\t\u4f60 \u5230 \u4e0a\u6d77 \u6765 \u4e86 \u5417\uff1f<\/div>\n
Have you arrived at Shanghai?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
\t <\/div>\n
\tDirection complements with aspect particles<\/strong><\/div>\n
\tThe aspect particles \u4e86 and \u8fc7 can be used with direction complements. These are placed after the direction complement. \u7740 can not be used with direction complements<\/div>\n
\tSome examples:<\/strong> \t<\/p>\n
w\u01d2 huí lái le \u3002
\t\u6211 \u56de\u6765 \u4e86\u3002<\/div>\n
I came back.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n