{"id":3475,"date":"2019-11-17T12:34:09","date_gmt":"2019-11-17T12:34:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-culture\/the-four-books-and-five-classics\/"},"modified":"2019-11-17T12:34:09","modified_gmt":"2019-11-17T12:34:09","slug":"the-four-books-and-five-classics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/the-four-books-and-five-classics\/","title":{"rendered":"The Four Books and Five Classics"},"content":{"rendered":"
Co<\/em>nfucianismThe Four Books (sì sh\u016b \u56db\u4e66) refer to The Analects of Co<\/em>nfucius (lún y\u01d4 \u8bba\u8bed), The Mencius (mèng z\u01d0 \u5b5f\u5b50), The Great Learning (dà xué \u5927\u5b66) and The Doctrine of the Golden Mean (zh\u014dng y\u014dng \u4e2d\u5eb8). The former two are collections of sayings and teachings of Co<\/em>nfucius (k\u01d2ng z\u01d0 \u5b54\u5b50) and Mencius (mèng z\u01d0 \u5b5f\u5b50) as well as sayings of their disciples while the latter two are chapters in The Classic of Rites (l\u01d0 jì \u793c\u8bb0). Chu His (zh\u016b x\u012b \u6731\u71b9), a famous scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty (nán sòng \u5357\u5b8b), held that The Four Books together outlined the basic system of Co<\/em>nfucian thoughts (rú ji\u0101 s\u012b xi\u01ceng \u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3) and co<\/em>nstituted a better introduction to the complicated materials in the Classics (j\u012bng di\u01cen \u7ecf\u5178), thus selecing these four texts from Classics and put them together as the Four Books.<\/p>\n

The Four Books is an abbreviation for ‘The Books of the Four Philosophers’ because The Analects of Confucius, The Mencius, The Doctrine of the Golden Mean and The Great Learning are respectively attributed to four great Co<\/em>nfucian philosophers, namely Confucius, Mencius, Zisi  (z\u01d0 s\u012b \u5b50\u601d the grandson of Confucius), Tsang Shan ( z\u0113ng sh\u0113n \u66fe\u53c2 a disciple of Confucius). In the Ming and Qing Dynasties the Four Books were made the core of the official curriculum for the civil service examinations (k\u0113 j\u01d4 k\u01ceo shì \u79d1\u4e3e\u8003\u8bd5), which endowed them with the superior status in China.<\/p>\n

The Great Learning<\/p>\n

The Great LearningThe Great Learning was originally one chapter in Li Ji (the Records of Rites). It co<\/em>nsists of a short main text attributed to Co<\/em>nfucius and nine commentary chapters by Zeng Zi (z\u0113ng z\u01d0 \u66fe\u5b50), one of Confucius’ disciples. Its im<\/em>portance is illustrated by Zeng Zi’s foreword that this is the gateway of learning. It is significant because it expresses many themes of Chinese philosophy and political thinking, and has therefore been extremely influential both in classical and modern Chinese thought. Government, self cultivation and investigation of things are l<\/em>inked. It l<\/em>inks together individual action in the form of self-cultivation with higher goals such as ultimate world peace as well as l<\/em>inking together the spiritual and the material. In addition, by defining the path of learning (Dao) in governmental and social terms, the Great Learning both l<\/em>inks the spiritual with the practical, and creates a vision of Dao that is radically different from that presented by Daoism (dào jiào \u9053\u6559). In particular, the Great Learning sets Co<\/em>nfucianism (rú jiào \u5112\u6559) as being this-worldly rather than other-worldly. Finally, the Great Learning also creates a co<\/em>nservative political discourse. Instead of basing its authority on an external deity, the Great Learning ba<\/em>ses its authority on the practices of ancient kings.<\/p>\n

The Doctrine of the Mean<\/p>\n

The Doctrine of the Mean was also one chapter in Li Ji. By tradition, the Doctrine of the Mean is attributed to Confucius’ grandson Zisi (z\u01d0 s\u012b \u5b50\u601d). The purpose of this small, 33-chapter book is to demo<\/em>nstrate the usefulness of a golden way to gain perfect virtue. It focuses on the "way" that is prescribed by a heavenly mandate not o<\/em>nly to the ruler but to everyone. To follow these heavenly instructions by learning and teaching will automatically result in a Co<\/em>nfucian virtue. Because Heaven has laid down what is the way to perfect virtue, it is not that difficult to follow the steps of the holy rulers of old if one o<\/em>nly knows what the right way is.<\/p>\n

Co<\/em>nfuciusThe Analects of Confucius<\/p>\n

The Analects of Co<\/em>nfucius are a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Co<\/em>nfucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held. The Chinese title literally means "discussion over Confucius’ words." Written during the Spring and Autumn Period (ch\u016bn qi\u016b shí q\u012b \u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u671f) through the Warring States Period (zhàn guó shí q\u012b \u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u671f ca. 479 BC – 221 BC), the Analects is the representative work of Co<\/em>nfucianism and co<\/em>ntinues to have a tremendous influence on Chinese and East Asian thought and values today.<\/p>\n

The Mencius<\/p>\n

The Mencius is a collection of co<\/em>nversations of the scholar Mencius with kings of his time. In co<\/em>ntrast to the sayings of Confucius, which are short and self-contained, the Mencius co<\/em>nsists of long dialogues with extensive prose. Mencius argued that human beings are born with an innate moral sense, but that society corrupted it through lack of a positive cultivating influence. Therefore, the goal of moral cultivation is to return to the people’s innate morality. Co<\/em>nsistent with his belief in the individual, Mencius co<\/em>ntended that it was permissible for people to overthrow or kill a ruler who ignored the public’s needs or ruled harshly.<\/p>\n

The Five Classics<\/p>\n

The Five Classics (w\u01d4 j\u012bng \u4e94\u7ecf) is a corpus of five ancient Chinese books used by Co<\/em>nfucianism as the basis of studies. The Five Classics refer to The Book of So<\/em>ngs (sh\u012b j\u012bng \u8bd7\u7ecf), The Classic of History (sh\u016b j\u012bng \u4e66\u7ecf), The Classic of Rites, The Book of Changes (a.k.a I Ching zh\u014du yì \u5468\u6613), and The Spring and Autumn Annals (ch\u016bn qi\u016b \u6625\u79cb), all of which are said to be compiled or revised by Confucius.<\/p>\n

The Book of Songs
The Book of Songs
The Book of So<\/em>ngs (a.k.a The Classic of Poetry or The Book of Odes), made up of 305 poems divided into 160 folk songs; 74 minor festal songs, traditio<\/em>nally sung at court festivities; 31 major festal songs, sung at more solemn court ceremonies; and 40 hymns and eulogies, sung at sacrifices to gods and ancestral spirits of the royal house. This book is traditio<\/em>nally credited as a compilation from Confucius. It is the earliest collection of Chinese poems and it is the source of Chinese verse and the starting point of the Chinese realistic epic. Therefore, The Book of So<\/em>ngs serves as the most valuable and im<\/em>portant material in the study of the Chinese language from the 11th century to the 6th century B.C.<\/p>\n

The Classic of History<\/p>\n

The Classic of History is a collection of docu<\/em>ments and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou period and before. It co<\/em>ntains examples of early Chinese prose.<\/p>\n

The Classic of Rites<\/p>\n

The Classic of Rites, the earliest and most complete record of social hierarchies and ceremo<\/em>nies in ancient China, lost in the third century B.C., describes ancient rites and court ceremonies.<\/p>\n

The Book of ChangesGua<\/p>\n

The Book of Changes, also referred to as Zhou Yi (Book of Changes of the Zhou Dynasty) or the I Ching, is regarded as the most preeminent among all Classics in ancient China.<\/p>\n

The spring and Autumn Annals<\/p>\n

The spring and Autumn Annals were the official chro<\/em>nicles of the states during the Pre-Qin Period (xi\u0101n qín shí q\u012b \u5148\u79e6\u65f6\u671f), however, o<\/em>nly that of the State of Lu covering the period from 722 BC to 481 BC survived. This book was also compiled by Co<\/em>nfucius thereby gaining extra significance and becoming a Co<\/em>nfucian Classic. It is also the forerunner of the "chro<\/em>nological style" (bi\u0101n nián t\u01d0 \u7f16\u5e74\u4f53) of historiography.<\/p>\n

The Four Books and Five Classics (sì sh\u016b w\u01d4 j\u012bng \u56db\u4e66\u4e94\u7ecf) have far-reaching influence on Chinese culture and also exert profound influence on the mentalities of Chinese people.<\/p>\n

\u56db\u4e66\u4e94\u7ecf
The Four Books and Five Classics
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\u300a\u4e2d\u5eb8\u300bteaching<\/p>\n

      \u300a\u4e2d\u5eb8\u300b\u539f\u6765\u4e5f\u662f\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u300b\u4e2d\u4e00\u7bc7\uff0c\u5728\u5357\u5b8b\u524d\u4ece\u672a\u5355\u72ec\u520a\u5370\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u51fa\u4e8e\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u5b59\u5b50\u5b50\u601d\uff08\u524d483\uff0d\u524d402\uff09\u4e4b\u624b\uff0c\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0·\u5b54\u5b50\u4e16\u5bb6\u300b\u79f0“\u5b50\u601d\u4f5c\u300a\u4e2d \u5eb8\u300b”\u3002\u81ea\u5510\u4ee3\u97e9\u6108\u3001\u674e\u7ff1\u7ef4\u62a4\u9053\u7edf\u800c\u63a8\u5d07\u300a\u4e2d\u5eb8\u300b\uff08\u4e0e\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u81f3\u5317\u5b8b\u4e8c\u7a0b\u767e\u822c\u8912\u5956\u5ba3\u626c\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8ba4\u4e3a\u300a\u4e2d\u5eb8\u300b\u662f“\u5b54\u95e8\u4f20\u6536\u6388\u5fc3\u6cd5”\uff0c\u518d\u5230\u5357\u5b8b\u6731\u71b9\u7ee7\u627f\u4e8c\u7a0b \u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4fbf\u628a\u300a\u4e2d\u5eb8\u300b\u4ece\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u300b\u4e2d\u62bd\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u4e0e\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u300b\u5e76\u5217\uff0c\u5230\u6731\u71b9\u64b0\u300a\u56db\u4e66\u7ae0\u53e5\u96c6\u6ce8\u300b\u65f6\uff0c\u4fbf\u6210\u4e86\u300a\u56db\u4e66\u300b\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b<\/p>\n

      \u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u662f\u8bb0\u8f7d\u5b54\u5b50\u53ca\u5176\u5b66\u751f\u8a00\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4e66\u3002\u5b54\u5b50\uff08\u524d551–\u524d479\uff09\uff0c\u540d\u4e18\uff0c\u5b57\u4ef2\u5c3c\uff0c\u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u9c81\u56fd\u966c\u9091\uff08\u4eca\u5c71\u4e1c\u66f2\u961c\uff09\u4eba\u3002\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u6d3e\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u6700\u8457 \u540d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e2d\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u6587\u5316\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u6709\u6781\u5176\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u6210\u4e66\u4e8e\u6625\u79cb\u6218\u56fd\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u662f\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u5b66\u751f\u53ca\u5176\u518d\u4f20\u5b66\u751f\u6240\u8bb0\u5f55\u6574\u7406\u3002\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u6d89\u53ca\u54f2 \u5b66\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u3001\u7ecf\u6d4e\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u6587\u827a\u7b49\u8bf8\u591a\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u975e\u5e38\u4e30\u5bcc\uff0c\u662f\u5112\u5b66\u6700\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u3002\u5728\u8868\u8fbe\u4e0a\uff0c\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u300b\u8bed\u8a00\u7cbe\u70bc\u800c\u5f62\u8c61\u751f\u52a8\uff0c\u662f\u8bed\u5f55\u4f53\u6563\u6587\u7684\u5178\u8303\u3002\u5728\u7f16\u6392\u4e0a\uff0c\u300a\u8bba \u8bed\u300b\u6ca1\u6709\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7f16\u7e82\u4f53\u4f8b\uff0c\u6bcf\u4e00\u6761\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u96c6\u7ae0\u4e3a\u7bc7\uff0c\u7bc7\u3001\u7ae0\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u65e0\u7d27\u5bc6\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u5927\u81f4\u5f52\u7c7b\uff0c\u5e76\u6709\u91cd\u590d\u7ae0\u8282\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b
Mencius
     \u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\u662f\u8bb0\u8f7d\u5b5f\u5b50\u53ca\u5176\u5b66\u751f\u8a00\u884c\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u4e66\u3002\u5b5f\u5b50\uff08\u7ea6\u524d372-\u524d289\uff09\uff0c\u540d\u8f72\uff0c\u5b57\u5b50\u8206\uff0c\u6218\u56fd\u4e2d\u671f\u90b9\u56fd\uff08\u4eca\u5c71\u4e1c\u90b9\u53bf\u4e1c\u5357\u4eba\uff09\uff0c\u79bb\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u6545\u4e61\u66f2\u961c\u4e0d\u8fdc\u3002\u662f\u8457\u540d\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u5bb6\u3001\u6559\u80b2\u5bb6\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u5b66\u8bf4\u7684\u7ee7\u627f\u8005\u3002\u5230\u5357\u5b8b\u5b5d\u5b97\u65f6\uff0c\u6731\u71b9\u7f16\u300a\u56db\u4e66\u300b\u5217\u5165\u4e86\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\uff0c\u6b63\u5f0f\u628a\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\u975e\u5e38\u9ad8\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u5143\u3001\u660e\u4ee5\u540e\u53c8\u6210\u4e3a\u79d1\u4e3e \u8003\u8bd5\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u8bfb\u4e66\u4eba\u7684\u5fc5\u8bfb\u4e66\u4e86\u3002\u548c\u5b54\u5b50\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5b5f\u5b50\u4e5f\u66fe\u5e26\u9886\u5b66\u751f\u6e38\u5386\u9b4f\u3001\u9f50\u3001\u5b8b\u3001\u9c81\u3001\u6ed5\u3001\u859b\u7b49\u56fd\uff0c\u5e76\u4e00\u5ea6\u62c5\u4efb\u8fc7\u9f50\u5ba3\u738b\u7684\u5ba2\u537f\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u4ed6\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5b54\u5b50 \u7684\u4e00\u6837\u4e0d\u88ab\u91cd\u7528\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4fbf\u56de\u5230\u5bb6\u4e61\u805a\u5f92\u8bb2\u5b66\uff0c\u4e0e\u5b66\u751f\u4e07\u7ae0\u7b49\u4eba\u8457\u4e66\u7acb\u8bf4\uff0c“\u5e8f\u300a\u8bd7\u300b\u300a\u4e66\u300b\uff0c\u8ff0\u4ef2\u5c3c\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u4f5c\u300a\u5b5f\u5b50\u300b\u4e03\u7bc7\u3002”\uff08\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0·\u5b5f\u5b50\u8340\u537f\u5217\u4f20\u300b\uff09<\/p>\n

\u4e94\u7ecf<\/p>\n

      \u300a\u56db\u4e66\u4e94\u7ecf\u300b\u4e2d\u7684\u300a\u4e94\u7ecf\u300b\u662f\u6307\uff1a\u300a\u5468\u6613\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5c1a\u4e66\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8bd7\u7ecf\u300b\u3001\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

Story from The Book of Songs<\/p>\n

\u300a\u8bd7\u7ecf\u300b<\/p>\n

      \u300a\u8bd7\u7ecf\u300b\u5728\u5148\u79e6\u79f0\u300a\u8bd7\u300b\uff0c\u6216\u300a\u8bd7\u4e09\u767e\u300b\uff0c\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u7b2c\u4e00\u672c\u8bd7\u6b4c\u603b\u96c6\u3002\u6c47\u96c6\u4e86\u4ece\u897f\u5468\u521d\u5e74\u5230\u6625\u79cb\u4e2d\u671f\u4e94\u767e\u591a\u5e74\u7684\u8bd7\u6b4c\u4e09\u767e\u96f6\u4e94\u7bc7\uff08\u539f\u4e09\u767e\u5341\u4e00\u7bc7\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u897f\u5468\u521d\u81f3\u6625\u79cb\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u8bd7\u6b4c\u603b\u96c6\u3002“\u53e4\u8005\u300a\u8bd7\u300b\u4e09\u5343\u4f59\u7bc7\uff0c\u53ca\u4e8e\u5b54\u5b50\uff0c\u53bb\u5176\u91cd……”\uff08\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0·\u5b54\u5b50\u4e16\u5bb6\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u636e\u4f20\u4e3a\u5b54\u5b50\u7f16\u5b9a\u3002\u300a\u8bd7\u300b\u5206“\u98ce”\u3001“\u96c5”\u3001“\u9882”\u4e09\u90e8\u5206\uff0c“\u98ce”\u4e3a\u571f\u98ce\u6b4c\u8c23\uff0c“\u96c5”\u4e3a\u897f\u5468\u738b\u757f\u7684\u6b63\u58f0\u96c5\u4e50\uff0c“\u9882”\u4e3a\u4e0a\u5c42\u793e\u4f1a\u5b97\u5e99\u796d\u7940\u7684\u821e\u66f2\u6b4c\u8f9e\u3002\u6b64\u4e66\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5730\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u5404\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u53e4\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4eba\u751f\u767e\u79d1\u5168\u4e66\uff0c\u5bf9\u540e\u4e16\u5f71\u54cd\u6df1\u8fdc\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5c1a\u4e66\u300b<\/p>\n

      \u300a\u5c1a\u4e66\u300b\u53e4\u65f6\u79f0\u300a\u4e66\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4e66\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u81f3\u6c49\u79f0\u300a\u5c1a\u4e66\u300b\u3002“\u5c1a”\u4fbf\u662f\u6307“\u4e0a”\uff0c“\u4e0a\u53e4”\uff0c\u8be5\u4e66\u662f\u53e4\u4ee3\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u732e\u6c47\u7f16\u3002\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e0a\u8d77\u4f20\u8bf4\u4e2d\u7684\u5c27\u821c\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e0b\u81f3\u4e1c \u5468\uff08\u6625\u79cb\u4e2d\u671f\uff09\uff0c\u7ea61500\u591a\u5e74\u3002\u57fa\u672c\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u53e4\u4ee3\u5e1d\u738b\u7684\u6587\u544a\u548c\u541b\u81e3\u8c08\u8bdd\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0·\u5b54\u5b50\u4e16\u5bb6\u300b\u79f0\u5b54\u5b50“\u5e8f\u300a\u4e66\u4f20\u300b\uff0c\u4e0a\u7eaa\u5510\u865e\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u4e0b\u81f3\u79e6\u7f2a\uff0c\u7f16\u6b21 \u5176\u4e8b”\uff0c\u76f8\u4f20\u4e3a\u5b54\u5b50\u7f16\u5b9a\u3002\u53e4\u65f6\u79f0\u8d5e\u4eba“\u9971\u8bfb\u8bd7\u4e66”\uff0c“\u8bd7\u4e66”\u4fbf\u662f\u5206\u522b\u6307\u300a\u8bd7\u7ecf\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5c1a\u4e66\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u300b<\/p>\n

      \u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u300b\u6218\u56fd\u5230\u79e6\u6c49\u5e74\u95f4\u5112\u5bb6\u5b66\u8005\u89e3\u91ca\u8bf4\u660e\u7ecf\u4e66\u300a\u4eea\u793c\u300b\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u9009\u96c6\uff0c“\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u300b\u53ea\u662f\u89e3\u300a\u4eea\u793c\u300b”\uff08\u300a\u6731\u5b50\u8bed\u7c7b·\u5377\u516b\u5341\u4e03\u300b\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u8d44\u6599\u6c47\u7f16\u3002\u300a\u793c\u8bb0\u300b\u867d\u53ea\u662f\u89e3\u8bf4\u300a\u4eea\u793c\u300b\u4e4b\u4e66\uff0c\u4f46\u7531\u4e8e\u6d89\u53ca\u9762\u5e7f\uff0c\u5176\u5f71\u54cd\u4e43\u8d85\u51fa\u4e86\u300a\u5468\u793c\u300b\u3001\u300a\u4eea\u793c\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u300bConfucius<\/p>\n

      \u300a\u5de6\u4f20\u300b\u4e5f\u79f0\u300a\u5de6\u6c0f\u6625\u79cb\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u53e4\u6587\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u5de6\u6c0f\u4f20\u300b\uff0c\u53e4\u4ee3\u7f16\u5e74\u4f53\u5386\u53f2\u8457\u4f5c\u3002\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u300b\u79f0\u4e3a\u6625\u79cb\u65f6\u5de6\u4e18\u660e\u6240\u4f5c\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u53d6\u6750\u8303\u56f4\u5305\u62ec\u4e86\u738b\u5ba4\u6863\u6848\uff0c\u9c81\u53f2\u7b56\u4e66\uff0c \u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u53f2\u7b49\u3002\u8bb0\u4e8b\u57fa\u672c\u4ee5\u300a\u6625\u79cb\u300b\u9c81\u5341\u4e8c\u516c\u4e3a\u6b21\u5e8f\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u5305\u62ec\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8058\u95ee\u3001\u4f1a\u76df\u3001\u5f81\u4f10\u3001\u5a5a\u4e27\u3001\u7be1\u5f11\u7b49\uff0c\u5bf9\u540e\u4e16\u53f2\u5b66\u6587\u5b66\u90fd\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n

\u300a\u5468\u6613\u300b<\/p>\n

      \u300a\u5468\u6613\u300b\uff0c\u4e5f\u79f0\u300a\u6613\u300b\u3001\u300a\u6613\u7ecf\u300b\uff0c\u662f\u5360\u535c\u4e4b\u4e66\uff0c\u5176\u5916\u5c42\u795e\u79d8\uff0c\u800c\u5185\u8574\u7684\u54f2\u7406\u81f3\u6df1\u81f3\u5f18\u3002\u4f5c\u8005\u5e94\u662f\u7b6e\u5b98\uff0c\u7ecf\u591a\u4eba\u5b8c\u6210\u3002\u5185\u5bb9\u5e7f\u6cdb\u8bb0\u5f55\u4e86\u897f\u5468\u793e\u4f1a\u5404\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5305\u542b\u53f2\u6599\u4ef7\u503c\u3001\u601d\u60f3\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4ee5\u524d\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u4eba\u5723\u53d8\u5e7b\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ece\u6ca1\u6709\u8d85\u8d8a\u9634\u9633\u516b\u5366\u7684\u601d\u7ef4\u6846\u67b6\u3002\u76f8\u4f20\u9f99\u9a6c\u9a6e“\u6cb3\u56fe”\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u9ec4\u6cb3\uff0c\u4e0a\u53e4\u5723\u4eba\u4f0f\u7fb2\u59cb\u4f5c\u516b \u5366\uff1b\u300a\u53f2\u8bb0\u300b\u53c8\u79f0“\u76d6\u6587\u738b\u62d8\uff0c\u800c\u6f14\u300a\u5468\u6613\u300b”\uff08\u4e00\u8bf4\u4f0f\u7fb2\u91cd\u5366\uff0c\u6709\u8bf4\u795e\u519c\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4f5c\u723b\u8f9e\uff08\u6216\u8c13\u5468\u516c\uff09\uff1b\u540e\u81f3\u6625\u79cb\uff0c\u53c8\u6709\u5b54\u5723\u4f5c“\u5341\u7ffc”\u4e4b\u8bf4\uff0c\u4e16\u79f0“\u4eba\u66f4\u4e09\u5723\uff0c\u4e16\u5386\u4e09\u53e4”\uff08\u300a\u6c49\u4e66·\u827a\u6587\u5fd7\u300b\uff09\u3002
<\/div>\n