{"id":3524,"date":"2019-11-19T14:44:13","date_gmt":"2019-11-19T14:44:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-culture\/gunpowder-huo-yao\/"},"modified":"2019-11-19T14:44:13","modified_gmt":"2019-11-19T14:44:13","slug":"gunpowder-huo-yao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/gunpowder-huo-yao\/","title":{"rendered":"Gunpowder \u706b\u836f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>The Invention of Gunpowder<br \/>  Gunpowder (hu\u01d2 y&agrave;o \u706b\u836f) was invented in China rest on variable interpretations of certain passages in ancient manus<em><\/em>cripts. Few substances in history have had as profound an effect on human history as gunpowder, and its discovery was an accident.<\/p>\n<p>  saltpeterAlong with the silk and paper, gunpowder is another invention by Chinese and the Silk Road (s\u012b ch&oacute;u zh\u012b l&ugrave; \u4e1d\u7ef8\u4e4b\u8def) helped it spread to the west. The formula (p&egrave;i f\u0101ng \u914d\u65b9) of the gunpowder was first discovered by Taoist (d&agrave;o sh&igrave; \u9053\u58eb) alchemists of ancient China when trying to seek the elixir of immortality (ch&aacute;ng sh\u0113ng b&ugrave; l\u01ceo \u957f\u751f\u4e0d\u8001). During the Tang Dynasty (t&aacute;ng d&agrave;i \u5510\u4ee3), around 850 A.D., an enterprising alchemist mixed 75 parts saltpeter (xi\u0101o sh&iacute; \u785d\u77f3) with 15 parts charcoal (m&ugrave; t&agrave;n \u6728\u70ad) and 10 parts sulfur (li&uacute; hu&aacute;ng \u786b\u78fa). This mixture had no discernable life-lengthening properties, but it did explode with a flash and a bang when exposed to an open flame. This earliest account reported the experiment: &quot;some have heated together the saltpeter, sulfur and carbon of charcoal with honey; smoke and flames result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house burnt down.&quot; Books of the middle Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) also recorded the method of producing this kind of gunpowder.<\/p>\n<p>  sulfurThe gunpowder was first used to make firecrackers and fireworks, and then used in military affairs in the late Tang Dynasty, which was first recorded in 919 A.D. By the 11th century, explosive bombs filled with gunpowder and fired from catapults were introduced and used in China. The words &quot;fire cannon &quot; (hu\u01d2 p&agrave;o \u706b\u70ae), &quot;rocket &quot; (hu\u01d2 ji&agrave;n \u706b\u7bad), &quot;missile &quot; (d\u01ceo d&agrave;n \u5bfc\u5f39) and &quot;fireball &quot; (hu\u01d2 qi&uacute; \u706b\u7403) appeared time and again in the official Song (s&ograve;ng \u5b8b) history as well as two other books written during the same period. Thegunpowder first detailed des<em><\/em>cription of using &quot;firing cannon&quot; in warfare was in co<em><\/em>nnection with a battle fought in 1126 when the Song army used it against the invading enemies. The so-called fire cannon was a tube made of bamboo filled with gunpowder which, when fired, threw a flaming missile towards the enemy. Since the barrel was made of bamboo, the flying missile could not cover a long distance. According to a des<em><\/em>cription of a battle scene in 1132, it took two persons to carry a &quot;fire cannon&quot;, and the cannons were fired from a moving platform after it had been moved close to the wall of the besieged city.<\/p>\n<p>  The Chinese invention of gunpowder never went much beyond its crudest form, and it was abando<em><\/em>ned as a military weapon shortly afterwards. From its ancient source in China, it traveled the danger-laden paths of the Silks Road and with it traveled the knowledge to both remakes and destroys the world. By the 13th century the secret had spread to Islamic Asia wher it was used against Europeans. Ever since, gunpowder has been an effective weapon of the military and political establishments.<\/p>\n<p>  Down through the centuries, Chinese inventions have had a profound effect on human culture. Items like paper, the magnetic compass, and silk have diffused around the world. None of those inventions, however, have had quite the impact that gunpowder has, for good and for bad.<\/p>\n<p>  \u706b\u836f<\/p>\n<p>  four inventions of China&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u706b\u836f\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u70bc\u4e39\u5bb6\u5728\u70bc\u4e39\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u3002\u4eba\u7c7b\u6700\u65e9\u4f7f\u7528\u7684\u706b\u836f\u662f\u9ed1\u706b\u836f\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u6211\u56fd\u52b3\u52a8\u4eba\u6c11\u5728\u4e00\u5343\u591a\u5e74\u524d\u53d1\u660e\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u53d1\u660e\uff0c\u95fb\u540d\u4e8e\u4e16\uff0c\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u6211\u56fd\u53e4\u4ee3\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u56db\u5927\u53d1\u660e\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n<p>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u79e6\u6c49\u4e4b\u9645\u70bc\u4e39\u672f\u5f00\u59cb\u76db\u884c\uff0c\u65b9\u58eb\u4eec\u4e3a\u4e86\u70bc\u5236\u4ed9\u4e39\u5999\u836f\uff0c\u628a\u5404\u7c7b\u836f\u7269\u5f7c\u6b64\u914d\u5408\u70e7\u70bc\u3002\u785d\u77f3\u4e0e\u4e09\u9ec4\uff08\u786b\u78fa\u3001\u96c4\u9ec4\u3001\u96cc\u9ec4\uff09\u5171\u70bc\u71c3\u70e7\u7206\u70b8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e86\u706b\u836f\u7684\u53d1\u660e\u3002\u6709\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u6258\u540d\u897f\u664b\u90d1\u601d\u8fdc\u6240\u64b0\u540d\u4e3a\u300a\u771f\u5143\u5999\u9053\u8981\u7565\u300b\u7684\u4e00\u672c\u70bc\u4e39\u4e66\u91cc\uff0c\u5c31\u66fe\u8c08\u5230\uff1a\u6709\u4eba\u5c06\u786b\u78fa\u3001\u785d\u77f3\u3001\u96c4\u9ec4\uff08As2S3\uff09\u548c\u871c\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u4e00\u8d77\u70e7\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u706b\u7130\u5347\u8d77\uff0c\u628a\u8138\u548c\u624b\u70e7\u574f\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u76f4\u51b2\u5c4b\u9876\uff0c\u628a\u623f\u5b50\u4e5f\u70e7\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u7c7b\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u591a\u6b21\u8fdb\u884c\uff0c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u79ef\u7d2f\uff0c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u9010\u6b65\u63d0\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u7ec8\u4e8e\u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u706b\u836f\u7684\u914d\u5236\u3002\u540c\u7c7b\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5728\u5510\u4ee3\u4e2d\u671f\u7684\u300a\u94c5\u6c5e\u7532 \u8fb0\u81f3\u5b9d\u96c6\u6210\u300b\u5377\u4e8c\u4e2d\u4e5f\u6709\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8bb0\u8f7d\u6709\u5173\u4e8e\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u6559\u8bad\uff0c\u4e5f\u4ece\u800c\u5b66\u4f1a\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u6df7\u5408\u7269\u7684\u71c3\u70e7\u7206\u70b8\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u636e\u5b8b\u4ee3\u8def\u632f\u7684\u300a\u4e5d\u56fd\u5fd7\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u5510\u54c0\u5e1d\u65f6\uff08\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\uff09\uff0c\u90d1\u738b\u756a\u7387\u519b\u653b\u6253\u8c6b\u7ae0\uff08\u4eca\u6c5f\u897f\u5357\u660c\uff09\uff0c&ldquo;\u53d1\u673a\u98de\u706b&rdquo;\uff0c\u70e7\u6bc1\u8be5\u57ce\u7684\u9f99\u6c99\u95e8\u3002\u8fd9\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6709\u5173\u7528\u706b\u836f\u653b\u57ce\u7684\u6700\u65e9\u8bb0 \u8f7d\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u4e24\u5b8b\u65f6\u671f\u706b\u836f\u6b66\u5668\u53d1\u5c55\u5f88\u5feb\u3002\u636e\u300a\u5b8b\u53f2.\u5175\u8bb0\u300b\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff1a\u516c\u5143970\u5e74\u5175\u90e8\u4ee4\u53f2\u51af\u7ee7\u5347\u8fdb\u706b\u7bad\u6cd5\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u662f\u5728\u7bad\u6746\u524d\u7aef\u7f1a\u706b\u836f\u7b52\uff0c\u70b9\u71c3\u540e\u5229\u7528\u706b\u836f\u71c3\u70e7\u5411\u540e \u55b7\u51fa\u7684\u6c14\u4f53\u7684\u53cd\u4f5c\u7528\u529b\u628a\u7bad\u7c07\u5c04\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u55b7\u5c04\u706b\u5668\u3002\u516c\u51431000\u5e74\uff0c\u58eb\u5175\u51fa\u8eab\u7684\u795e\u536b\u961f\u957f\u5510\u798f\u5411\u5b8b\u671d\u5ef7\u732e\u51fa\u4e86\u4ed6\u5236\u4f5c\u7684\u706b\u7bad\u3001\u706b\u7403\u3001\u706b\u84ba\u85dc\u7b49\u706b\u5668\u3002 \u5317\u5b8b\u672b\u5e74\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7206\u70b8\u5a01\u529b\u6bd4\u8f83\u5927\u7684\u706b\u5668&ldquo;\u9739\u96f3\u70ae&rdquo;\u3001&ldquo;\u9707\u5929\u96f7&rdquo;\u3002\u516c\u51431126\u5e74\uff0c\u674e\u7eb2\u5b88\u5f00\u5c01\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u7528\u9739\u96f3\u70ae\u51fb\u9000\u4e86\u91d1\u5175\u7684\u56f4\u653b\u3002\u5357\u5b8b\u65f6\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u7ba1\u72b6\u706b\u5668\uff0c\u516c\u5143 1132\u5e74\u9648\u89c4\u53d1\u660e\u4e86\u706b\u67aa\u3002\u706b\u67aa\u662f\u7531\u957f\u7af9\u7aff\u505a\u6210\uff0c\u5148\u628a\u706b\u836f\u88c5\u5728\u7af9\u7aff\u5185\uff0c\u4f5c\u6218\u65f6\u70b9\u71c3\u706b\u836f\u55b7\u5411\u654c\u519b\u3002\u9648\u89c4\u5b88\u5b89\u5fb7\u65f6\u5c31\u7528\u4e86&ldquo;\u957f\u7af9\u7aff\u706b\u67aa\u4e8c\u5341\u4f59\u6761&rdquo;\u3002gunpowder<\/p>\n<p>  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u65e9\u5728\u516b\u3001\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u65f6\uff0c\u548c\u533b\u836f\u3001\u70bc\u4e39\u672f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u785d\u4e5f\u7531\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u5230\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u300213\u4e16\u7eaa\u706b\u836f\u662f\u7531\u5546\u4eba\u7ecf\u5370\u5ea6\u4f20\u5165\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u3002\u5728\u4e0e\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6218\u4e89\u4e2d\uff0c\u6b27\u6d32\u4eba\u9010\u6b65 \u638c\u63e1\u4e86\u5236\u9020\u706b\u836f\u548c\u706b\u836f\u5175\u5668\u7684\u6280\u672f\u3002\u706b\u836f\u4f20\u5230\u6b27\u6d32\u540e\uff0c\u88ab\u5404\u56fd\u7528\u6765\u5236\u9020\u5175\u5668\uff0c\u8fd8\u5728\u5f00\u5c71\u3001\u4fee\u8def\u3001\u6316\u6cb3\u7b49\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u706b\u836f\u63a8\u8fdb\u4e86\u4e16\u754c\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u8fdb\u7a0b\u3002<br \/>  <br type=\"_moz\" \/><\/div>\n<div class=\"chine-tie-zi-nei-rong-zhi-hou\" id=\"chine-3118497664\"><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1889418300638825\" crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display:block;\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-1889418300638825\" \ndata-ad-slot=\"7273022922\" \ndata-ad-layout-key=\"-gw-3+1f-3d+2z\"\ndata-ad-format=\"fluid\"><\/ins>\n<script> \n(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); \n<\/script>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Invention of Gunpowder Gunpowder (hu\u01d2 y&agrave;o \u706b\u836f) was invented in China rest on variable interpretations of certain passages in<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[118],"class_list":["post-3524","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chinese-culture","tag-culture"],"views":275,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3524","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3524"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3524\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3524"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3524"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3524"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}