{"id":8694,"date":"2019-11-04T23:12:34","date_gmt":"2019-11-04T23:12:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-reading\/different-people-give-confucius-different-meanings\/"},"modified":"2019-11-04T23:12:34","modified_gmt":"2019-11-04T23:12:34","slug":"different-people-give-confucius-different-meanings","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/de\/different-people-give-confucius-different-meanings\/","title":{"rendered":"Different people give Confucius different meanings"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u5b54\u5b50\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u7ed9\u4ed6\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5404\u53d6\u6240\u9700
Different people give Co<\/em>nfucius different meanings
\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4e0b\u6765\uff0c\u5f20\u6d9b\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u5bf9\u4e8e“\u7f8e\u56fd\u5a92\u4f53\u5851\u9020\u7684\u5b54\u5b50\u5f62\u8c61”\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u6ca1\u529e\u6cd5\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002
After years of study, Zhang Tao, who wrote a book named "Co<\/em>nfucius in the United States of America," found that there was no simple des<\/em>cription to best illustrate "the image of Co<\/em>nfucius in the eyes of the U.S. media".
\u552f\u4e00\u53ef\u4ee5\u786e\u5b9a\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f88\u591a\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u5f62\u8c61\u4e0e\u5b54\u5b50\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u89c2\u70b9\u6709\u7740\u5929\u58e4\u4e4b\u522b\u3002
But one thing is certain: in many cases, the image that the U.S. media has sculptured is very different with Confucius’ own opinion.
\u4e0a\u4e16\u7eaa30\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e3a\u4e86\u5e94\u5bf9\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5371\u673a\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u653f\u5e9c\u5927\u529b\u5b9e\u65bd\u653f\u5e9c\u5e72\u9884\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7684\u5404\u9879\u653f\u7b56\uff0c\u800c\u7528\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u5176\u653f\u7b56\u5408\u7406\u6027\u7684\u8bba\u636e\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u6765\u81ea\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u5b54\u5b50\u3002
In the face of the Great Depression in the 1930s, the Roosevelt administration introduced a series of policies to intervene in the eco<\/em>nomy and used the teachings of Co<\/em>nfucius to demo<\/em>nstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the policies.
\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u773c\u4e2d\u7684\u5b54\u5b50\u518d\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u8fc2\u8150\u3001\u987d\u56fa\u7684\u8001\u4eba\u4e86\u3002\u5584\u4e8e\u89c2\u5bdf\u7684\u653f\u5ba2\u4eec\u654f\u9510\u5730\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u7684“\u5927\u540c”\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u548c\u5f53\u65f6\u7f8e\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u798f\u5229\u601d\u60f3\u5f02\u5e38\u76f8\u4f3c\uff1b\u8fd8\u6709\u4eba\u8a00\u4e4b\u51ff\u51ff\u5730\u58f0\u79f0\uff0c\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u65b0\u653f\u4e0e\u5b54\u5b50\u7684“\u4e2d\u5eb8\u4e4b\u9053”\u6709\u7740\u5f02\u66f2\u540c\u5de5\u4e4b\u5999\u3002
At the time, Americans no lo<\/em>nger saw Co<\/em>nfucius as a pedantic, stubborn old man. Perceptive politicians realized that the Co<\/em>nfucian theory of great harmony was strikingly similar to the welfare thoughts in U.S. society. Certain politicians said that Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal and the Co<\/em>nfucian Doctrine of the Mean were different in approach, but produced equally satisfactory outcome.
\u6bd5\u751f\u5f3a\u8c03“\u514b\u5df1\u590d\u793c”\u7684\u5b54\u5b50\uff0c\u5c31\u5728\u8fd9\u7247\u5f02\u56fd\u7684\u571f\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u6210\u4e86\u6539\u9769\u7684\u4ee3\u8a00\u4eba\u3002\u6ce2\u591a\u9ece\u54e5\u5927\u5b66\u8463\u4e8b\u4f1a\u4e3b\u5e2d\u751a\u81f3\u76f4\u63a5\u5ba3\u79f0\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u662f“\u65b0\u653f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba”\u3002
Confucius, who reiterated "restraining o<\/em>neself and returning to the rites," thus became a "spokesperson" for the reform in a foreign country. The then chairperson of the board of the University of Puerto Rico even hailed Co<\/em>nfucius as the first advocate of New Deal.
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Zhang said that Americans stressed freedom and the dominant role of market forces, and thought that Co<\/em>nfucius called on the ruler to play a more active role in governance. In fact, the oppo<\/em>nents of the New Deal also used the teachings of Co<\/em>nfucius to express their discontent. Henry A. Wallace, the then secretary of agriculture who co<\/em>ntrolled grain prices, was given the nickname "Confucius" by the oppo<\/em>nents because they thought that o<\/em>nly the Chinese government deeply influenced by Co<\/em>nfucianism would recklessly intervene in market prices.
\u4e00\u4f4d\u666e\u901a\u8bfb\u8005\u66fe\u7ecf\u5728\u5199\u7ed9\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b\u7684\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5f15\u7528\u5b54\u5b50“\u82db\u653f\u731b\u4e8e\u864e”\u7684\u611f\u53f9\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u4fe1\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\uff1a“\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u4eba\u5e94\u5f53\u5b81\u53ef\u5fcd\u53d7\u8001\u864e\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\u7f57\u65af\u798f\u653f\u5e9c\u7684‘\u96c6\u6743\u63a7\u5236’\u3002”
In a letter sent to the Washington Post, a reader wrote that Co<\/em>nfucius said, "Tyranny is fiercer than the tiger." Americans would rather live with a tiger than accepting Roosevelt’s highly centralized government.
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The influence of Co<\/em>nfucius in the United States during the Roosevelt era can still be felt today. Some oak trees reportedly from the tomb of Co<\/em>nfucius are still growing in the Natio<\/em>nal Mall in Washington established during the Roosevelt administration.
\u5728\u9891\u7e41\u5f15\u7528\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u4e2d\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u5a92\u4f53\u6709\u65f6\u5019\u4e5f\u4f1a\u72af\u4e0b\u4ee4\u4eba\u557c\u7b11\u7686\u975e\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u30022008\u5e74\uff0c\u4e9a\u7279\u5170\u5927\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u573a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5175\u9a6c\u4fd1\u5c55\u89c8\u3002\u534e\u4eba\u5927\u591a\u719f\u77e5\uff0c\u5236\u9020\u5175\u9a6c\u4fd1\u7684\u79e6\u59cb\u7687\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u4e3a\u4e86\u7981\u7edd\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u5112\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u4e0b\u4ee4“\u711a\u4e66\u5751\u5112”\uff1b\u4f46\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5a92\u4f53\u7684\u62a5\u9053\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u5374\u662f\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u5fe0\u5b9e\u62e5\u8db8\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a“\u5175\u9a6c\u4fd1\u4e5f\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u89c2\u5ff5”\u3002
The U.S. media have made some absurd mistakes when quoting Confucius. An exhibition of China’s terracotta warriors was held in Atlanta in 2008. Most Chinese people are familiar with the story of Emperor Qin Shi Huang, who ordered to build a life-sized terracotta army, burn many books and bury scholars to ban Co<\/em>nfucian and other philosophical teachings. However, the U.S. media mistook Emperor Qin Shi Huang for an advocate of Co<\/em>nfucianism because they thought the terracotta warriors reflected the Co<\/em>nfucian principle of collectivism.
“\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b26\u53f7\u3002”\u5f20\u6d9b\u8bf4\uff0c“\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u7ed9\u4ed6\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u542b\u4e49\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u5404\u53d6\u6240\u9700\u3002”
"In fact, Co<\/em>nfucius is just a symbol in the eyes of Americans. Different people give different meanings to the symbol, and then take what they need," Zhang said.
\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u622a\u7136\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u65b0\u95fb\u8bdd\u9898\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u90fd\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u8eab\u5f71\u3002\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u6279\u8bc4\u975e\u6cd5\u8d29\u5356\u9152\u7c7b\u7684\u4eba\u4eec“\u5c0f\u4eba\u55bb\u4e8e\u5229”\uff1b\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u54c0\u53f9\u90a3\u4e9b\u6ca1\u6709\u62ff\u5230\u517b\u8001\u91d1\u7684\u5357\u5317\u6218\u4e89\u8001\u5175“\u672a\u77e5\u751f\uff0c\u7109\u77e5\u6b7b”\uff1b\u6709\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u4f1a\u5bf9\u589e\u7a0e\u6cd5\u6848\u8868\u793a\u4e0d\u6ee1\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u6837\u5c31\u505a\u4e0d\u5230“\u8fd1\u8005\u8bf4\uff0c\u8fdc\u8005\u6765”\u3002
Co<\/em>nfucius has appeared in a wide variety of U.S. news articles. He has said, "The mind of a mean man is co<\/em>nversant with gain," to criticize illegal alcohol sellers, and "If you do not understand lives, you will not understand death," to lament that Civil War veterans had difficulty in getting pensions. He also expressed his disco<\/em>ntent over tax increases because it could not "satisfy people near and far."
\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u5927\u591a\u6570\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5927\u6d0b\u5f7c\u5cb8\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u4f1a\u7ed9\u5b54\u5b50\u8db3\u591f\u7684\u5c0a\u656c\u3002\u300a\u534e\u76db\u987f\u90ae\u62a5\u300b1938\u5e74\u520a\u8f7d\u7684\u4e00\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c06\u5b54\u5b50\u3001\u6469\u897f\u548c\u6797\u80af\u5171\u540c\u79f0\u4e3a“\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u548c\u5e73\u7f14\u9020\u8005”\u3002“\u4ed6\u4eec\u5f15\u5bfc\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u65ad\u8ffd\u5bfb\u548c\u5e73\u3001\u777f\u667a\u548c\u5171\u540c\u7684\u798f\u7949\u3002”\u6587\u4e2d\u5199\u9053\u3002
However, Americans have shown enough respect for Co<\/em>nfucius in most of the times. In an article published in 1938, the Washington Post called Confucius, Moses, and Abraham Lincoln great peacemakers, and said that they led human beings in the pursuit of peace, wisdom, and common well-being.
\u751a\u81f3\uff0c\u5b54\u5b50\u7684\u5f62\u8c61\u8fd8\u88ab\u954c\u523b\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u6700\u9ad8\u5ba1\u5224\u673a\u6784\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5916\u5899\u4e0a\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u5ea7\u767d\u8272\u5efa\u7b51\u4e1c\u95e8\u4e0a\u65b9\u7684\u4e09\u89d2\u5899\u4e0a\uff0c\u523b\u67093\u4e2a\u77f3\u50cf\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u662f\u9881\u5e03\u300a\u5341\u8beb\u300b\u7684\u6469\u897f\u3001\u96c5\u5178\u7acb\u6cd5\u5bb6\u68ad\u4f26\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7a7f\u7740\u957f\u888d\u3001\u7559\u7740\u957f\u987b\u7684\u5b54\u5b50\u3002
A portrait of Co<\/em>nfucius wearing a robe with a long beard is engraved on the white exterior wall of the Supreme Court of the United States. The other two are the portraits of Moses, who introduced the Ten Commandments, and Athenian lawgiver Solon.
\u8054\u90a6\u6700\u9ad8\u6cd5\u9662\u7684\u5b98\u65b9\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4eba\u7c7b\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a“\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u7acb\u6cd5\u8005”\u3002
In an official statement, the Supreme Court hailed them as the greatest legislators in human history.
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