{"id":6084,"date":"2019-11-16T12:46:57","date_gmt":"2019-11-16T12:46:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-culture\/shiwu-shi-wu\/"},"modified":"2019-11-16T12:46:57","modified_gmt":"2019-11-16T12:46:57","slug":"shiwu-shi-wu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/fr\/shiwu-shi-wu\/","title":{"rendered":"Shiwu\u72ee\u821e"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u65f6\u95f4\uff1a2006\u5e74
Time: 2006
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Category: Folk Dance
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Region: Hebei Province, Shanxi Province, Zhejiang Province, Guangdong Province
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Ref. No.: \u2162-5
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Shiwu (Lion Dance), also called “Shiziwu”, “Shideng”, “Wushi” or “Wushizi”, is often performed during festival and celebrations. The lion is an auspicious beast which symbolizes good luck and happiness; therefore, people express their good wishes to avoid ill fortune and have good luck with lion dance. Shiwu has a long history: the “elephant man” recorded in Han Shu (The History of the Former Han Dynasty) – Annal of Rites & Music is the predecessor of Shiwu; there are also many vivid des<\/em>criptions a<\/em>bout Shiwu in poems and proses of the Tang and Song dynasties. The existing Shiwu is divided into the South Shiwu and the North Shiwu, with the former mainly featuring martial arts moves and superb techniques as well as vigorous and fierce lion images; and the latter featuring innocent and cute lion images and playful movements. According to materials selecion and the creation of lion images, there are many diversified forms of Shiwu in various places.
\u72ee\u821e•\u5f90\u6c34\u821e\u72ee
Shiwu•Xushui wushi
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Nominating unit[s]: Xushui County, Hebei Province
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Hebei is the cradle of the North Shiwu. The Shizi Society in Beili Village of Xushui County was founded in 1925 existing in a form of folk performance gathering. It has developed rapidly since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.
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Xushui Wushi is usually performed during the spring festival and religious ceremo<\/em>nies at temples in spring. It is performed with the cooperation of two persons, with the one in the front holding the prop on the head to play the lion head and the person in the rear bending at the waist, holding the waist of the one in the front and wearing the lion skin made of cow hair to play the lion body; the two together form a big lion called Tai Shi; another person wears a lion head mask and lion skin to play the small lion called Shao Shi; the person who holds the silk ball to tickle the lion is called the Yinshilang (the one attracting the lion). Yinshilang plays an im<\/em>portant role in lion dance: he should not o<\/em>nly be heroic, but also accomplished in martial arts so as to perform movements like “forward somersaults in the air over the lion”, “backward somersaults in the air over the tall table” and “somersaults off the staggered pilings”, etc. The perfect cooperation between the Yinshilang and the "lion" is an im<\/em>portant feature of the North wushi. One basic feature of Xushui Wushi is the exaggerated image of the lion. With a large and round head, dynamic eyes and proper opening and closing of the mouth, it looks both mighty and ignorant. During the performance, the performers can simulate movements of the lion, such as watching, standing, walking, running, jumping, rolling, sleeping and shaking the hair etc, which are quite lifelike; they can also perform difficult skills like “playing the bench”, “walking on staggered pilings”, “jumping o<\/em>nto the pilings”, “jumping over a piling”, “liangban posing”, “twisting 360°”, “single-leg jumping on a piling”, “forward somersault off the piling in two stages” and “backward somersault off the piling” etc.
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Xushui Wushi occupies an im<\/em>portant position in China’s folk performing arts; it participated in the Natio<\/em>nal Joint Performance of Folk Arts in Beijing in 1953 and has been performed in many countries. It won the first prize at the “4th World Youth Festival” in Bucharest, capital of Romania. Beili Village was officially named the “Town of Acrobatic Wushi” by the Hebei Association of Acrobats in October 2001. Today, due to relatively high cost of props and difficulty in cultivating new performers, Xushui Wushi is facing an inheritance crisis and needs the support and protection of relevant authorities.
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Shiwu•Tianta shiwu
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Nominating unit[s]: Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province
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The Shiwu of Qitao Temple in Xiangfen, Shanxi Province, which is called “Tianta Shiwu”, originated in the Sui and Tang Dynasty, and was actively practiced throughout the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.
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Tianta Shiwu features amazing, breathtaking, fanciful, unique and graceful movements. The towering platform and ups and downs of actions are amazing; the performance incorporates laws of mechanics and is executed with a complete set of safety protection measures, so there’s actually no risk even though at times it may appear so; the eyes, to<\/em>ngue and tail of the lion can move flexibly to achieve fanciful effects like spitting the banner; Tianta Shiwu uniquely integrates skills with power and techniques with culture; and the performance on the tall platform is graceful and charming.
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Tianta Shiwu features a unique performance form and superb skills. It won the Award of Excellence at the 7th China Arts Festival and the Gold Award at the 1st and 3rd Square Culture Festival in Shanxi Province. Today, the rescue, co<\/em>nservation and research of Shiwu have im<\/em>portant co<\/em>nnotations for the study of aesthetics, folklore as well as the history of music and dance.<\/p>\n

\u72ee\u821e•\u9ec4\u6c99\u72ee\u5b50
Shiwu•Huangsha shizi
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Nominating unit[s]: Linhai City, Zhejiang Province
“\u9ec4\u6c99\u72ee\u5b50”\u59cb\u521b\u4e8e\u5317\u5b8b\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e8e\u6d59\u6c5f\u4e34\u6d77\u5e02\u897f\u5317\u5c71\u533a\u767d\u6c34\u6d0b\u9547\u7684\u9ec4\u6c99\u6d0b\u4e00\u5e26\u3002\u6b64\u5730\u6c11\u98ce\u527d\u608d\uff0c\u6734\u8302\u8fd1\u53e4\uff0c\u5d07\u5c1a\u4e60\u6b66\uff0c\u4e14\u821e\u72ee\u98ce\u4fd7\u7531\u6765\u5df2\u4e45\u3002
“Huangsha Shizi” originated in the Northern Song Dynasty and is practiced around Huangshayang in Baishuiyang Town in the mountainous area to the northwest of Linhai City, Zhejiang Province, wher the people are brave and tough and worship ancient traditions and martial arts, and the custom of lion dance has long been observed.
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The most unique feature of this traditio<\/em>nal performing art is the integration of masterful martial arts with traditio<\/em>nal lion dance performances in a tactful way. The lion not o<\/em>nly rolls and plays on the ground, but also performs various amusing moves on the high platform. During the performance, the performers can complete moves like “Guo Tang”, “somersault on the table”, “Xiapadian”, “standing on table legs” and the “human pyramid” etc while jumping on the square tables. Jumping up the table hill is the most difficult performance: over 40 tables are stacked in a trapezoid, when the lion jumps o<\/em>nto the highest table, the table hill co<\/em>nsisting of nine layers of tables is a<\/em>bout 10 meters, and the most breathtaking point occurs when the performer moves on the four legs of the table on the top layer, upside down, while performing difficult skills like taking off shoes and socks and striding.
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Integrating dance with martial arts, toughness with gentleness and featuring unique local cultural characteristics, Huangsha Shiwu amuses people’s hearts and souls and bears people’s good wishes; the artists perform in different villages during the period from lunar New Year’s Eve to the 2nd day of the 2nd lunar year. People living in Huangshayang, the central area of Huangsha Shizi, and places wher Huangsha Shizi is practiced, pray for a favorable climate, good harvest, health and wealth as well as good luck and peace. They expect Shiwu activities to bring them auspicious omens, remove ill fortune and provide a wo<\/em>nderful festival experience.
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Huangsha Shizi has significant research value, in areas such as folklore, sociology, aesthetics and anthropology etc. With the rapid eco<\/em>nomic development in the eastern coastal areas of China, traditio<\/em>nal aesthetic co<\/em>ncepts as well as culture and lifestyle have changed, and as a result, there are less than 10 artists who can perform Huangsha Shizi today. This entertaining traditio<\/em>nal folk dance is in danger of being lost.
\u72ee\u821e•\u5e7f\u4e1c\u9192\u72ee
Shiwu•Guangdong xingshi
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Nominating unit[s]: Foshan City, Suixi County and Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province
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Xingshi belo<\/em>ngs to the South Shiwu of China. It was derived from the palace lion dance in the Tang Dynasty, and after the period of five dynasties and ten states, the Wushi culture was introduced to the Lingnan area (south of the Five Ridges) with the southward migration of immigrants from central China. In the Ming Dynasty, Xingshi originated in Nanhai County, Guangdong Province. Now, it has been passed on to areas in Guangdong, Guangxi and overseas Chinese in Southeast Asian countries. In Guangdong Province, it is mainly distributed in Foshan City, Suixi County and Guangzhou City, etc.
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Xingshi is a cultural activity integrating martial arts, dance and music. At the beginning of the performance, go<\/em>ngs and drums are beaten. The lion player then performs Nan Quan (a kind of martial art in South China), a performance which is known as “Kaizhuang”; as two performers imitate a lion and dance, another performer wears the smiling “Datoufo” (big-headed Buddha) and holds a big cattail leaf fan to introduce the lion. The lion player mainly performs the horse stance of the Nan Quan, and the lion mainly performs “opening the eyes”, “washing the whisker”, “lapping the body” or “shaking the hair”, etc. The main movements include “Cai Qing”, “drinking water on the tall platform”, “spitting the ball” and “stamping on the staggered pilings”, etc. “Cai Qing”, as the essence of Xingshi, is dramatic and co<\/em>nsists of different processes like introduction, elucidation, transition and summing up. Through years of transformation, numerous sets of skills for “Cai Qing” have emerged and become popularized. Suixi Xingshi has developed from the traditio<\/em>nal ground lion dance into the bench lion dance, and then to the high-platform lion dance and tall-pole lion dance, and then to the piling lion dance. The difficulty of piling lion dance has increased, for example, skills like ropewalking and flips have been introduced. The tallest piling is as high as 3 meters and the largest span is 3.7 meters, which sufficiently represents the features of “novel, tall, difficult and breathtaking” and is ho<\/em>nored as a “unique skill of China”. The lion props of Shakeng Xingshi of Guangzhou City feature: high and narrow foreheads, large and movable eyes, wide mouths with a brush, broad backs, low noses, full cheeks and teeth that can be shown and hidden. The performance is divided into the Wenshi (gentle lion), Wushi (martial lion) and Shaoshi (young lion). The pleasure, anger, sorrow, joy, stillness, movement, surprise and suspicion of the lion are represented through flipping, moving, dodging, pouncing, whirling or jumping on the ground or pilings to show the mightiness and strength of the lion.
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Since ancient times, Guangdong Xingshi has been regarded as an auspicious performance for warding off ill fortune and evil. It has become an indispensable performance at every festival or major event, and is passed down from generation to generation.
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Since the 1980s, almost every township has formed its own Xingshi Troupe. During festivals in all four seasons, Xingshi troupes go into the street to perform Cai Qing and other movements. The popularization of Xingshi art in different towns and villages has flourished in an unprecedented manner. Guangdong Xingshi is a unique folk dance of Guangdong that is well-known nationwide. Xingshi is also popular in overseas Chinese communities around the world and has acted as a cultural bridge for overseas Chinese to rediscover ties with their ancestors. For these reasons, Xingshi has profound cultural value and meaning.
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Inheritor(s):
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Wang Lizhong, Li Dengshan, Wang Yueyou, Li Yongzi, Li Dazhi, Wang Jianwen and Yin Shaoshan
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