{"id":8895,"date":"2019-11-13T09:00:51","date_gmt":"2019-11-13T09:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-reading\/qimin-yaoshu-qi-min-yao-shu-quot-important-methods-to-condition-the-people-039-s-living-quot\/"},"modified":"2019-11-13T09:00:51","modified_gmt":"2019-11-13T09:00:51","slug":"qimin-yaoshu-qi-min-yao-shu-quot-important-methods-to-condition-the-people-039-s-living-quot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/fr\/qimin-yaoshu-qi-min-yao-shu-quot-important-methods-to-condition-the-people-039-s-living-quot\/","title":{"rendered":"Qimin yaoshu \u9f50\u6c11\u8981\u672f "Important Methods to Condition the People's [Living]""},"content":{"rendered":"
 The Qimin yaoshu \u9f50\u6c11\u8981\u672f "im<\/em>portant methods to co<\/em>ndition the people’s [living]" is one of the oldest agro<\/em>nomical treatise of China. It was written by Jia Sixie \u8d3e\u601d\u52f0, a scholar of the short Eastern Wei period \u4e1c\u9b4f (534-550). He came from Yidu \u76ca\u90fd, modern Shandong, and was governor (taishou \u592a\u5b88) of the commandery of Gaoyang \u9ad8\u9633. He had the opportunity to observe the farming activities in the regions of Jingxing \u4e95\u9649, Huguan \u58f8\u5173 and Shangdang \u4e0a\u515a (all in modern Shanxi and Shaanxi) and was himself a breeder of sheep.<\/p>\n

The Qimin yaoshu comprises 92 chapters in 10 juan "scrolls". a<\/em>bout the author virtually nothing is known but in his foreword he at least explains that he collected quotations from all types of books, especially from older agro<\/em>nomical treatises like theFan Shengzhi shu \u6cdb\u751f\u4e4b\u4e66 and the Simin yueling \u56db\u6c11\u6708\u4ee4 as well as interviews of experts on agronomy. Jia Sixie does not o<\/em>nly describe how to plant and rise different kinds of crops or how to breed cattle, but also describes the preparation and storage of some materials ba<\/em>sed on agro<\/em>nomical products, like wine, glue, oil, fibres, dyestuffs, ink, or cooking products processes (pickling) and products like yeast, sugar and soy sauce (juan 7 to 9). Besides staple food (juan 1-2) he explains the cultivation of vegetables (juan 3), fruits and mulberry trees (juan 4), the latter’s leaves being used as fodder for silkworms. Juan 6 describes cattle breeding and fish-farming. In juan 10 he also describes plants not common in central China, and his book is thus a very im<\/em>portant source for agriculture in early China. Jia Sixie quotes from more than 150 ancient books and so preserved many fragments of texts that are otherwise lost (Fan Shengzhi shu, Simin yueling or Tao Zhugong’s \u9676\u6731\u516c Yangyujing \u517b\u9c7c\u7ecf), and also many country sayings (geyao \u6b4c\u8c23). The "Miscellaneous Chapter" (Zashuo \u6742\u8bf4) and the chapter Huozhi \u8d27\u6b96 "Trade" has been added later.<\/p>\n

 The Qimin yaoshu is the oldest completely surviving agricultural text of China. Jia Sixie stresses the im<\/em>portance of agriculture for the welfare of society and the whole state, and supports his argument by quotations from ancient masters like Ren Yan \u4efb\u5ef6, Wang Jing \u738b\u666f, Huangfu Long \u7687\u752b\u9686, Ci Chong \u8328\u5145, Cui Shi \u5d14\u5bd4, Huang Ba \u9ec4\u9738, Gong Sui \u9f9a\u9042 and Shao Xinchen \u53ec\u4fe1\u81e3. Further proofs of this assumption come from the chapter Ho<\/em>ngfan \u6d2a\u8303 of the Shangshu \u5c1a\u4e66 "Book of docu<\/em>ments" and other Co<\/em>nfucian Classics wher the kings of the Zhou dynasty \u5468 (11th cent.-221 BCE) are admo<\/em>nished to "appease, enrich and instruct the people". Compared with older agro<\/em>nomical texts like the Fan Shenzhi shu from the Han period \u6c49 (206 BCE-220 CE) the scope of agricultural fields is widely enlarged in the Qimin yaoshu. It includes not o<\/em>nly the cultivation of plants, but also cattle breeding, forestry and the processing of products. A successful farmer, Jia Sixie says, would not o<\/em>nly mechanically do his work, but would critically observe the seasons, weather, and the quality of the soil, in order to adapt his work to these factors. Such a method would save labour and increase yields (yong li shao er cheng gong duo \u7528\u529b\u5c11\u800c\u6210\u529f\u591a). For the amelioration of the soil, better ploughing methods had been developed, in combination with the selection of better seeds. Jia Sixie therefore describes 86 of various seeds in his book. For the windy and dry spring season of northern China he recommended deep-ploughing for the first cultivation of a field, but a shallow reverting of the soil in autumn, and vice versa. Between phases of cultivation it was profitable for the preservation of moisture to level the ground and to weed out undesired grasses. Crop rotation, he says, also help to keep the fertility of the soil. Green beans (lüdou \u7dd1\u8c46) planted first would enrich fertility, and had to be followed by small beans (xiaodou \u5c0f\u8c46) or sesame (huma \u80e1\u9ebb). Besides methods of sowing the author also describes different methods of plant propagation like striking (qiancha \u6266\u63d2), stolons (yatiao \u538b\u6761), division (fenzhu \u5206\u682a) or propping (jiajie \u5ac1\u63a5). The author seems to not have highly estimated a kind of marketization of agricultural products, as advocated by the late Han period scholar Cui Shi (Simin yueling), but he rather preferred a kind of self-subsisting farming for a single—although large—household.<\/p>\n

There are two 20th century commentaries to the Qimin yaoshu, namely Shi Shenghan’s \u77f3\u58f0\u6c49 Qimin yaoshu jinshi \u9f50\u6c11\u8981\u672f\u4eca\u91ca and Miao Qiyu’s \u7f2a\u542f\u6109 Qimin yaoshu jiaoshi \u9f50\u6c11\u8981\u672f\u6821\u91ca.
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