From sinners to stylists, from a famed general to ordinary women, Chinese hairstyles have evolved from symbols of ethnicity, class status and political alignment to an expression of individuality and style. In China, possibly more than in any other culture, hair has long had strong political and social meaning.
Tag: ယဉ်ကျေးမှု
Chair Xi’s speech in Mexico
Good morning. It gives me great pleasure to address the Mexican Senate and exchange views with members of the Mexican Congress today.大家好!今天,有机会来到墨西哥参议院演讲,同各位议员交流,我感到十分荣幸。
I wish to take this opportunity to express, on behalf of the Chinese government and people, warm greetings and best wishes to members of Congress and people from all sectors of the Mexican society who have long been committed to friendship with China and to the friendly and hospitable people of Mexico.借此机会,我谨代表中国政府和人民,向在座各位议员朋友和长期致力于中墨友好的各界人士,向热情友好的墨西哥人民,致以诚挚问候和良好祝愿!
Last April, President Peńa Nieto paid an official visit to China and attended the Annual Conference of Boao Forum for Asia, on which occasion President Peńa and I reached important agreement on closer China-Mexico relations in new circumstances. At that time, President Peńa kindly invited me to visit Mexico, which I gladly accepted. I think it is important that we build on the positive momentum to boost the growth of China-Mexico relations.今年4月,培尼亚总统对中国进行正式访问并出席博鳌亚洲论坛年会,我们就新形势下加强中墨关系达成重要共识。当时,培尼亚总统热情邀请我访问墨西哥,我愉快地答应了。我的想法是,为了推动中墨关系加快发展,必须趁热打铁、乘势而上。
I visited Mexico in 2009. Today, four years later, it gives me great pleasure and a surge of warm feelings to be back in this beautiful and magnificent country.2009年,我曾访问过墨西哥。时隔4年,再次来到这个美丽多彩的国家,我感到十分高兴,也感到十分亲切。
There is a saying in China, “home away from home”. It means that a guest in a new place feels very much at home. This is exactly how I feel now in Mexico.中国有句话叫“宾至如归”,说的是客人到了一个地方,就像回到家里一样。来到墨西哥,我就有这样的感觉。
China and Mexico have a long history of interactions. On my way to Mexico, when I looked down at the vast Pacific Ocean through the window of the plane, I felt as if I saw the fleet of La Nao de China, giant ships fully loaded with silk and porcelain, braving the surging waves and moving towards Acapulco centuries ago. When I set foot on this land, I felt as if I saw the legendary Chinese Poblana, a kind-hearted and beautiful girl, teaching locals how to weave and embroider in Puebla.中墨两国有着悠久的交往历史。这次前来墨西哥途中,当我透过飞机舷窗俯瞰浩瀚的太平洋时,仿佛看见几个世纪前那些满载丝绸、瓷器的“中国之船”正向着阿卡普尔科破浪前行;当我踏上贵国的土地时,又仿佛看见那位传说中的乐善好施的美丽“中国姑娘”正在普埃布拉传授纺织、刺绣技艺。
I am visiting Mexico this time to enhance friendship, expand cooperation and jointly map out the blueprint for China-Mexico relations together with Mexican leaders.我这次访问墨西哥,目的是深化友谊、扩大合作,同贵国领导人共同规划中墨关系的发展蓝图。
Mexico is a country with a time-honored civilization. The Mayan pyramids and Aztec Sun Calendar both stand testimony to the splendor of your ancient civilization.墨西哥是个具有悠久文明历史的国家。玛雅人的金字塔,阿兹特克人的太阳历,见证着贵国古代文明的辉煌。
The fresco of Diego Rivera, the master of contemporary art, and the classic works of Octavio Paz, the towering figure in literature, both speak to the profound insight of the Mexican people about the real world and human life.当代艺术大师里维拉的壁画,文学巨匠帕斯的著作,凝聚着墨西哥人民对现实世界和人类生活的深刻感受。
Today’s Mexico enjoys rapid economic growth, greater national strength and international influence. From the UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun to the G20 Summit in Los Cabos, a dynamic Mexico has time and again captured the eyes of the world.今天的墨西哥,经济快速发展,综合国力和国际影响力不断提升。从坎昆联合国气候变化大会,到洛斯卡沃斯二十国集团领导人峰会,世界的目光一次又一次聚焦在欣欣向荣的墨西哥。
We congratulate Mexico on its achievements and wish Mexico even bigger progress in national development.我们对墨西哥的发展成就表示祝贺,衷心祝愿墨西哥国家建设事业取得更大成就!
In the long course of history, both the Chinese and Mexican people have created a splendid culture and made indelible contribution to human progress.回顾历史,中墨两国人民都创造了灿烂的文化,都为人类文明进步作出了不可磨灭的贡献。
There is a proverb in Latin America, “Condition of good friends, condition of old wine.” The friendship between China and Mexico, which has grown from one generation to another, is like a bottle of aged Tequila, brimming with ever fresh fragrance with the passage of time.拉美有句谚语:“朋友要老,好酒要陈。”中墨两国经过岁月积淀的深厚友谊,正如陈年的龙舌兰酒,历久弥香。
In the more recent history, China and Mexico have supported each other in both words and actions in seeking national liberation, upholding state sovereignty and advancing modernization.近代以来,中墨两国在争取民族解放、捍卫国家主权、建设现代化国家的奋斗中相互声援、彼此支持。
Today, China and Mexico are both moving onto a fast-track of economic and social development and embracing a promising future. There is an unprecedented opportunity for our two countries to further advance bilateral relations.现在,我们两国都进入了经济社会发展的快车道,都呈现出美好的发展前景,中墨关系正面临前所未有的重要机遇。
During my visit, I have had a very good talk with President Peńa. And just now, I met with President Anaya of the Permanent Commission and President Arroyo of the Chamber of Deputies.这次来,我同培尼亚总统举行了很好的会谈。刚才,我又会见了安纳亚主席和阿罗约众议长。
We agree that in growing China-Mexico relations, we should not only focus on bilateral cooperation, but also adopt a global vision. Therefore, President Peńa and I have decided to elevate our bilateral relationship to a comprehensive strategic partnership, to the benefit of continued growth of China-Mexico relations at a higher level, in a broader scope and on a bigger platform, and usher our relations into a new stage of development.我们一致认为,发展中墨关系既要着眼双边合作,更要面向世界。为此,我和培尼亚总统决定,将两国关系提升为全面战略伙伴关系,使中墨关系能够在更高水平、更宽领域、更大舞台上不断发展,推动两国关系进入新的发展阶段。
Four big “tea schools” of Chinese teahouse 中国茶馆四大“茶门”
中国人历来有上茶馆喝茶的习惯,而四大“茶门”的说法就是对那些茶馆风气最盛的城市的简称。如果现在要在中国找出茶楼文化最为丰盛的城市,那东有杭州,西有成都,南有潮汕,北有北京。类似太极茶道、老舍茶馆、圣陶沙、五福茶艺馆等等大品牌,都出自这些“茶气”极盛的城市里。There is a habit for Chinese to go to teahouse to drink tea while the saying of four big “tea schools” is the short title for cities where teahouse prevails. If one needs to find the cities where the richest teahouse culture is, there will be Hangzhou in the east, Chengdu in the west, Chaoshan in the south and Beijing in the north. The big brands such as Taiji Tea Ceremony, Lao She Teahouse, Shengtaosha and Wufu Teahouse are all from these cities where “tea flavor” prevails.
杭州的茶,喝的是精致文化。“青梁湖山供慧眼,藤索茗话契禅心”,西湖边上的青藤茶馆,已成为杭州上千家茶馆的代表。坐在西子湖畔,让身穿青灰色长袍的“太极茶道”茶师沏好一壶茶,河坊街的吆喝声与店小二手上的长嘴壶一起一落相呼应,此时此景,茶不醉人人自醉。Drinking tea in Hangzhou is to experience the exquisite culture there. “Green ridge and Lake Mountain deepen in insight, tea chatting in rattans matching a meditative mind”, Qingteng Teahouse near the West Lake has been the representative of thousands of teahouses in Hangzhou. Sitting by the West Lake, having a good pot of tea that is made from a“Taiji Tea Ceromony”, seeing a tea maker dressing in a steel gray robe, hearing the shouts from Hefang Street and seeing ups and downs of the long-necked kettle from the waiters, it is not the tea anymore that intoxicates but the surrounding that makes the drinker feel high.
成都的茶,喝的是平民文化。成都人享受生活的较真劲,比起扬州人有过之而无不及。成都人喝茶,那才叫真正的“龙门阵、大碗茶”,不讲究茶的品质,不讲究喝茶的环境。大树荫处,凉棚底下,随随便便摆上桌凳,就可以喝上茶,追求的是喝茶之外的生活状态。唯独用长嘴茶壶倒茶的技法,样式繁多,有很多个门派,“峨嵋”、“青城”等等,一直也是难分高下的。Drinking tea in Chengdu is to experience the civilian culture. The seriousness of enjoying life for Chengdu people goes farther than that of Yangzhou people. The way that Chengdu people drink tea can really be called “leisure talk and stall tea”, with no requirements on the tea quality and the environment. Drinking tea can be as easy as putting up a table and chairs under the shadow of a tree. It is the life style that they pursue. Only the technique of pouring tea by long-necked kettle has various styles and abundant schools, with “Emei” and “Qingcheng”, etc. in neck-to-neck position.
潮汕的茶,喝的是茶道文化。潮汕“功夫茶”,名扬海内外。功夫茶从选茶、泡茶功夫到茶具,都是十分考究的。用水取自山泉,榄核为炭火,用小扇煮开的水甘甜醇美,味道醇正。茶叶以乌龙、铁观音等为上乘。
Drinking tea in Chaoshan is to experience the tea ceremony culture. “kungfu tea” in Chaoshan is famous both at home and abroad, which is rather detailed process from tea selecting, tea-making technique to tea ware. The tea tastes good because they use sweet and pure water from mountain spring which is boiled by charcoal fire with olive core accompanied by small fan. The best tea leaves should be Oolong and Tie Guanyin, etc.
北京的茶,喝的是贵气文化。皇城根下,任何东西都沾染着大气,有股富贵含在里头。老舍茶馆泡了十多年的茶汤,与其他省份的茶楼相比,更显得雍容华贵。大红的灯笼挂成串,舞台上锣鼓震天响,京剧唱罢相声接台,直来直往。在这里喝茶,服务员都好为人师,说起茶文化是如数家珍:喝绿茶要用玻璃杯、喝花茶要用盖碗、喝铁观音要用功夫茶具,丝毫含糊不得。作为茶客,也乐得听一番妙趣横生的讲解。喝茶能喝出各地的文化来,手中的一杯茶,冲泡起来的都是当地的民俗民风。Drinking tea in Beijing is to experience the noble culture. At the foot of capital, everything has a touch of generous, rich and honor. The tea soup in Laoshe Teahouse which has made tea for more than decades appears to be more elegant and poised compared with the teahouses in other provinces. Red lanterns are hung in strings and the sound of gongs and drums on the stage is extremely loud. Comic dialogue is put on the stage just after Beijing opera, non-stop. Waiters are fond of teaching others here; they know tea culture just like the back of their hands: glass cup for green tea, covered bowl for scented tea and Kungfu tea ware for Tie Guanyin, those cannot be mixed up at all. Tea drinking guests are also happy to hear the witty and humorous explanations. Cultures from different places can be experienced through drinking different tea, while that cup of tea in your hand is brewed by the local folk customs.
据有关部门统计,目前全国有十二万五千多家茶馆,从业人数达到二百五十多万人,已然成为中国休闲文化产业的一支生力军。茶馆业对于各地国民经济发展和精神文化生活的丰富多彩作出了积极的贡献。According to statistics of relevant departments, there are over 125,000 teahouses nationwide at present with more than 2,500,000 employees, which have been a fresh addition to the leisure and cultural industries in China. Teahouse industry has made positive contributions to the development of national economy as well as rich and spiritual and cultural life in various regions.
Chinese furniture history
The early history of Chinese furniture recorded in excavated material, engraved stone and stamped brick reveals a mat-level furniture culture. The ancient Chinese knelt or sat cross-legged upon woven mats surrounded by various furnishings including low tables, screens, and armrests. Examples of excavated lacquer furniture from the ancient kingdom of Chu (ca. 500 BC) demonstrate an aesthetic of minimalism and simplicity, and others are decorated with unique colorful patterns and bear finely carved decoration in relief and openwork. The blending of artistic form with practical functionality can be seen as a common thread running throughout the long history of Chinese furniture.
Developments toward high seating were influenced by foreign customs and the migration of Buddhism. During the second century AD, the Han emperor Lingdi was recorded to have had a fascination with things foreign, including the foreign or "barbarian" seat (huchuang). This term referred to the folding stool, which at that time was commonly used by nomadic tribes in the more remote northern and western regions where it was also used for mounting horses. Being easily carried over the shoulder, it quickly became a popular seat for traveling or hunting.
History of Education in China(1)中国教育的历史(1)
Many Chinese scholars believe the history of education in China can be traced back at as far as the 16th century B.C. during the late "Xia Dynasty" (1523-1027 B.C.). Throughout this period of time, education was the privilege(特权tèquán) of the elites. The teachings of Confucianism during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (770-221 B.C.), the curriculum(课程kèchéng) were mainly based on The Four Books and The Five Classics. The Four Books and The Five Classics were the acknowledged subjects of the Confucian culture in the feudal society in ancient China. The Four Books refers to The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, Confucian Analects and The Works of Mencius. And The Five Classics includes The Book of Poetry (also known as The Book of Songs, The Book of Odes), The Book of History, The Book of Rites, The Book of Changes, and The Spring and Autumn Annals.许多中国学者认为中国教育的历史可以追溯到公元前16世纪的夏朝晚期(公元前1523年——公元前1027年),在这整个时期内,教育是精英阶层的特权。春秋战国时期(公元前770年——公元前221年)的儒家教育,其课程主要是基于“四书五经”。在中国古代封建社会,“四书五经”是被公认儒家文化课程。“四书”是指《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》和《孟子》,而“五经”则包括《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《易》、《春秋》。
Confucianism probably is the biggest influence(影响yǐngxiǎng) in education of China throughout the entire Chinese history. Later in Han dynasty, a form of public education system was established. Not only elites from upper class families can study in school, common man can also use education as a path to become a better man, known as gentleman.贯穿整个中国历史,儒家思想恐怕是对中国教育影响最大的学说。在后来的汉代,一种公学教育制度被建立起来。不仅仅只有来自上流阶层的精英可以在校学习,普通人也可以利用教育这一途径成为更优秀的人,也就是我们所知的“君子”。
In Confucianism, a gentleman (Chun Tzu) considers what is right, when the peasant considers what will pay. A gentleman trusts in justice and the peasant trusts in favor. A gentleman is generous and fair, when the peasant is biased and petty. A gentleman looks within for guidance and the peasant looks unto others. A gentleman is easy to serve, and hard to please. The peasant is hard to serve, and easy to please. A gentleman is to know what we know, and know what we do not know. The basic concept of gentleman in Confucianism often emphasizes the different behaviors between the gentleman and the peasant. A peasant in ancient Chinese society can be better described as today’s common man or average citizen. As a result, not everyone can be a gentleman in ancient Chinese society. In fact, studying Confucianism itself was limited to very few people in ancient China. Most of them are from ruling and upper class families. They were the group of people in need to educate in the classics and understand morality. They needed to understand why things have to be done as they had the duty to their families, ancestors and the empire(帝国dìguó). Gentleman with knowledge will then carry out Chinese cultural traditions or even set rules of society for others.在儒家思想中,“君子怀德,小人怀土”“君子喻于义,小人喻于利”“君子坦荡荡,小人长戚戚”“君子求诸己,小人求诸人”“君子易事而难说也,小人难事而易说也”“(君子)知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也”。儒家经典经常强调“君子”和“小人”二者行为的不同。中国古代的“小人”好比今天的普通人或普通市民。因此,在中国古代社会,不是所有人都可以成为“君子”。事实上,中国古代学习儒家思想本身也仅限于极少的一群人中。他们中的很多人来自统治阶层和上流社会家庭。他们是群有需要学习经典和理解道德的人。由于自身对家族、祖先和帝国的责任,他们需要理解为什么有些事情不得不做。于是乎,拥有学识的君子们便贯彻实行中国文化传统,甚至为其他人设立社会规则。
Project 211 “211工程”
Project(工程gōngchéng) 211 is the Chinese government's new endeavor(努力nǔlì) aimed at strengthening about 100 institutions of higher education and key disciplinary areas as a national for the 21st century.
How to Make a Traditional Summer Begins Rice
Summer is almost at the door when we stepped into the month of May. This weekend the highest temperature is expected to rise to 28℃. These days you can smell the scent of summer in the evening breeze. Girls are wearing summery dresses. Compared with the scorching part of the hot season, it is more pleasant at the moment for us to enjoy summer.
Herbal Cuisine Culture in Grain Rain(Guyu)谷雨的药膳文化
When Grain Rain comes, weather will change a lot.It’s better to take the right herbal cuisine at the proper time.
Documentary:A Bite of China 纪录片:舌尖上的中国
A Bite of China (舌尖上的中国) is a Chinese documentary television series in 2012. It talks on the history of food, eating, and cooking in China directed by Chen Xiaoqing (陈晓卿) and narrated by Li Lihong (李立宏). It first appeared at the China Central Television in May 14th, 2012, and quickly gained much popularity.[1][2] Having started filming in March 2011, this seven-episode documentary series introduces the history and story behind foods of various kinds in more than 60 locations all around China.[3] The documentary has also been actively encouraged as a means of introducing Chinese food culture to those unfamiliar with local cuisine.纪录片《舌尖上的中国》,通过中华美食的多个侧面,展示中国的日常饮食流变,中国人在饮食中积累的丰富经验,千差万别的饮食习惯和独特的味觉审美,以及上升到生存智慧层面的东方生活价值观。《舌尖上的中国》是一部由中国中央电视台制作的7集电视纪录片,2012年在CCTV-1的《魅力纪录》栏目首播。主要介绍中国各地的美食生态,包括中国的日常饮食流变,千差万别的饮食习惯和独特的味觉审美等,以及与之相应的东方生活价值观。该片一经播出,在网络引起了广泛的关注,被戏称为“吃货的专属纪录片”。
Chinese food: Tea ceremony in China
Tea ceremony in China belongs to oriental culture. There is no scientific and exact definition for it. Instead, people need to be close to it and understand it through their own existence.中国的茶道属于东方文化,它没有一个科学的、准确的定义,而要靠个人凭借自己的悟性去贴近它、理解它。
The word “Tea Ceremony” can be dated back to the Tang Dynasty in China, e.g. “as for theory of Hong Jian which was refined extensively, tea ceremony was popularized” in The Record of What Mr. Feng Sees and Hears. Liu Zhenliang in the Tang Dynasty had put forward explicitly in Ten Virtues in Drinking Tea, “Tea brings Tao and Elegance.” The word “Tea Ceremony” has been used for over 1,000 years since the Tang Dynasty, but this entry still can not be found in reference books such as Xinhua Dictionary, Word-Ocean Dictionary and Etymology till now. So, what is tea ceremony?早在我国唐代就有了“茶道”这个词,例如,《封氏闻见记》中:“又因鸿渐之论,广润色之,于是茶道大行。”唐代刘贞亮在饮茶十德中也明确提出:“以茶可行道,以茶可雅志。”尽管“茶道”这个词从唐代至今已使用了一千多年,但至今在《新华辞典》、《辞海》、《词源》等工具书中均无此词条。那么,什么是茶道呢?
Mr. Wu Juenong thought, tea ceremony is “To regard tea as precious and gracious drink while drinking tea is a spiritual enjoyment, an art or a means of cultivating the moral character and nourishing the nature.”吴觉农先生认为:茶道是“把茶视为珍贵、高尚的饮料,饮茶是一种精神上的享受,是一种艺术,或是一种修身养性的手段。”
Mr. Zhuang Wanfang thought, tea ceremony is a kind of ceremony to teach people about the law and discipline of rite as well as moral cultivation by means of drinking tea. Mr. Zhuang Wanfang also summarized the basic spirit of Chinese tea ceremony as, “honour, beauty, harmony and respect” and explained, “cultivating morality, being honest and money saving, in order to conduct oneself in society harmoniously and honestly, and to respect and love people.”庄晚芳先生认为:茶道是一种通过饮茶的方式,对人民进行礼法教育、道德修养的一种仪式。庄晚芳先生还归纳出中国茶道的基本精神为:“廉、美、和、敬”他解释说:“廉俭育德、美真廉乐、合诚处世、敬爱为人。”
Mr. Chen Xiangbai thought, Chinese tea ceremony includes seven philosophical connotations listing as tea art, tea morality, tea rite, tea principle, tea feeling, tea science and tea ceremony guidance. The essence of Chinese tea ceremony spirit is harmony. Chinese tea ceremony is to regard tea as a process that guides individuals to move towards and finish moral cultivation, thus to realize harmonious and peace between human beings. Tea ceremony theory of Mr. Chen Xiangbai can be simplified as, “seven arts in one heart.”陈香白先生认为:中国茶道包含茶艺、茶德、茶礼、茶理、茶情、茶学说、茶道引导七种义理,中国茶道精神的核心是和。中国茶道就是通过茶是过程,引导个体在美的享受过程中走向完成品格修养以实现全人类和谐安乐之道。陈香白先生德茶道理论可简称为:“七艺一心”。
While Mr. Zhou Zuoren explained tea ceremony leisurely as, “To put it simply, the meaning of tea ceremony is to take a break from a busy life and seek joy amidst sorrow. It is to enjoy a little beauty and harmony in an imperfect reality and taste eternity in a blink.”周作人先生则说得比较随意,他对茶道的理解为:“茶道的意思,用平凡的话来说,可以称作为忙里偷闲,苦中作乐,在不完全现实中享受一点美与和谐,在刹那间体会永久。”
Mr. Liu Hanjie, a scholar in Taiwan propose, “Tea ceremony is a method and artistic conception of drinking tea.” As a matter of fact, to define tea ceremony is a waste of time. If a definition must be determined for tea ceremony and regard it as a fixed and rigid concept, the mystique of tea ceremony will be lost. Meanwhile, it limits the imagination of tea drinkers and the mysterious feeling which comes from discovering the philosophic theory with heart will be faded away. To understand the mysterious feeling of tea ceremony with heart is just like that “The moon is reflected in thousand rivers but the reflections are diffent from each other.” “tea ceremony” resembles the moon while people’s heart are the rivers. Everyone who drinks tea enjoys the wonderful feeling for tea ceremony which are different from others’ in their own hearts.台湾学者刘汉介先生提出:“所谓茶道是指品茗的方法与意境。”其实,给茶道下定义是件费力不讨好的事。如果一定要给茶道下一个定义,把茶道作为一个固定的、僵化的概念,反倒失去了茶道的神秘感,同时也限制了茶人的想象力,淡化了通过用心灵去悟道时产生的玄妙感觉。用心灵去悟茶道的玄妙感受,好比是“月印千江水,千江月不同。”“茶道”如月,人心如江,在各个茶人的心中对茶道自有不同的美妙感受。
Chinese regard Tao as a complete system which is the rule and law of universe and life. Therefore, Chinese do not speak of Tao easily, which is different from Japanese who have tea ceremony for tea, ikebana for flower, incense lore for scent, kendo for sword, even judo and taekwondo for wrestling and striking. Among Chinese food culture, entertainment and other activities, it is tea ceremony that can only be qualified to Tao.中国人视道为体系完整的思想学说,是宇宙、人生的法则、规律,所以,中国人不轻易言道,不像日本茶有茶道,花有花道,香有香道,剑有剑道,连摔跤搏击也有柔道、跆拳道。在中国饮食、玩乐诸活动中能升华为“道”的只有茶道。