{"id":3501,"date":"2019-11-18T15:41:24","date_gmt":"2019-11-18T15:41:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-culture\/zhang-heng-and-the-seismograph-zhang-heng-he-di-dong-yi\/"},"modified":"2019-11-18T15:41:24","modified_gmt":"2019-11-18T15:41:24","slug":"zhang-heng-and-the-seismograph-zhang-heng-he-di-dong-yi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/mm\/zhang-heng-and-the-seismograph-zhang-heng-he-di-dong-yi\/","title":{"rendered":"Zhang Heng and the Seismograph \u5f20\u8861\u548c\u5730\u52a8\u4eea"},"content":{"rendered":"
Seismograph<\/p>\n

The first seismograph (dì d\u01d2ng yí \u5730\u52a8\u4eea) of the world was invented by Zhang Heng (zh\u0101ng héng \u5f20\u8861), a famous scientist in the Eastern Han Dynasty (d\u014dng hàn \u4e1c\u6c49, 25-220). Zhang Heng (78-139) was from Nanyang (nán yáng \u5357\u9633) in Henan Province (hé nán sh\u011bng \u6cb3\u5357\u7701). He studied diligently, and was especially keen on astronomy, calendars and mathematics. As a whole, Zhang Heng can be regarded as an erudite and talented scientist.<\/p>\n

Earthquakes of ancient times
From the earliest times, the Chinese were co<\/em>ncerned with the destructive force of earthquakes. It was recorded in Sima Qian’s (s\u012bm\u01ce qi\u0101n \u53f8\u9a6c\u8fc1) Records of the Grand Historian(sh\u01d0 jì \u53f2\u8bb0) of 91 BC that in 780 BC an earthquake had been powerful enough to divert the courses of three rivers. The ancient Chinese did not understand that earthquakes were zhanghengcaused by the shifting of tecto<\/em>nic plates in the Earth’s crust; instead, the people of the ancient Zhou Dynasty (zh\u014du cháo \u5468\u671d) explained them as disturbances with cosmic yin and yang (y\u012bn yáng \u9634\u9633), along with the heavens’ displeasure with acts committed (or the common peoples’ grievances ignored) by the current ruling dynasty. These theories were ultimately derived from the ancient text of the Yijing (yì j\u012bng \u6613\u7ecf, Book of Changes), in its fifty-first hexagram.<\/p>\n

During the Han Dynasty (hàn cháo \u6c49\u671d), many learned scholars—including Zhang Heng—believed in the "oracles of the winds". These oracles of the occult observed the direction, force, and timing of the winds, to speculate a<\/em>bout the operation of the cosmos and to predict events on Earth. These ideas influenced Zhang Heng’s views on the cause of earthquakes. Against the grain of earlier theories proposed by his fellow Chinese and co<\/em>ntemporary Greeks, Zhang Heng believed that earthquakes were caused by wind and air.<\/p>\n

Structure of the Seismometer
In 132, Zhang Heng presented to the Han court what many historians co<\/em>nsider to be his most Seismographimpressive invention, the first seismometer. It was named Houfeng didong yi (hòu f\u0113ng dì dòng yí \u5019\u98ce\u5730\u52a8\u4eea, instrument for measuring the seaso<\/em>nal winds and the movements of the Earth). The des<\/em>cription we have, from the History of the Later Han Dynasty (hòu hàn sh\u016b \u540e\u6c49\u4e66), says that it was a large bro<\/em>nze vessel, a<\/em>bout 2 meters in diameter and looked like a big cup with a lid. The surface of the instrument was cast with eight dragons, whose bodies were downward vertically and heads pointed to eight directions (east, south, west, north, southeast, northeast, southwest, and northwest), and each dragon had a copper ball in the mouth. On the ground vertically below the mouths of dragons, there were eight copper toads raising their heads and opening their mouths. The inner side of the seismograph was elaborately constructed. When an earthquake occurring at that direction, to which the dragon pointed would open its mouth, and the ball would fall into the toad’s mouth, automatically indicating the earthquake occurring at that direction.
One day in 138 AD, the dragon pointing to the west expelled its ball. As expected, an restored modelearthquake had occurred on that day in Longxi  (l\u01d2ng x\u012b \u9647\u897f, in present-day Gansu Province) four hundred miles away from Luoyang (luò yáng \u6d1b\u9633). It was the first time that mankind had used the instrument to sense an earthquake. This was essential for the Han government in sending quick aid and relief to regions devastated by this natural disaster. 
             
huntianyiApart from the Seismograph, Zhang Heng also invented the first water-driven armillary sphere (shu\u01d0 yùn hún ti\u0101n yí \u6c34\u8fd0\u6d51\u5929\u4eea) in the world to measure the position of celestial bodies. With so many contributions, Zhang Heng was highly esteemed by most people. A crater on the moon was named after him.<\/p>\n

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