Tag: budaya

“The four chapters of Kashi” is the first panoramic filming of the magical south Xinjiang scenery about the western China border city. The documentary tells us the historical culture, mountains and rivers, folk-customs and rich resources of many towns in Kashi like Bachu, Zepu, Yecheng, Shache and so on. It combines historical documents, folk legends, real people and current stories together, showing the beauty and extensity of this miracle oasis.《喀什四章》以全新视角呈现南疆神奇风貌，是对这个中国西部边陲城市的第一次全景式高清拍摄。本片讲述了喀什地区的巴楚、泽普、叶城、莎车等县的人文历史、山川河流、文化民俗、丰富物产，将历史文献、民间传说与现实人物、当下故事相穿插，向世人呈现这片美丽富饶、广袤神奇的绿洲，描绘一幅瑰丽的画卷。
  

唐卡(Thangka)也叫唐嘎，唐喀，系藏文音译，它是刺绣或绘画在布、绸或纸上的彩色卷轴画，是富有藏族文化特色的一个画种。Thangka, also known as Tangga or Tangka, is a transliteration from the Tibetan language. A colorful scroll painted or embroidered on cloth, silk or paper, it is a painting variety abundant with Tibetan culture.
唐卡内容繁多，既有多姿多态的佛像，也有反映藏族历史和民族风情的画面。西藏唐卡构图严谨，均衡，丰满，多变，画法主要有工笔重彩与白描为主。There are many different kinds of Thangkas in terms of contents, including not only pictures of the Buddha, but also pictures depicting Tibetan history and folk customs. Tibetan Thangka features precise designs, balanced layouts, abundant contents and unique styles. Thangkas are mainly painted using heavy colors by fine brushwork and line drawings.
唐卡品种多种多样，除彩绘唐卡与印刷唐卡外，还有刺绣、织锦（堆绣）、缂丝、贴花及珍珠唐卡等。刺绣唐卡是用各色丝线绣成，凡山水、人物、花卉、翎毛、亭台、楼阁等均可刺绣。织锦唐卡是以缎纹为地，用数色之丝为纬，间错提花而织造，粘贴在织物上，故又称“堆绣”。贴花唐卡是用各色彩缎，剪裁成各种人物和图形，粘贴在织物上。缂丝唐卡是用“通经断纬”的方法，用各色纬线仅于强烈的装饰性。有的还在五彩缤纷的花纹上，把珠玉宝石用金丝缀于其间，珠联璧合，金彩辉映，格外地显得灿烂夺目。缂丝是我国特有的将绘画移植于丝织品上的特种工艺品。这些织物唐卡，质地紧密而厚实、构图严谨、花纹精致、色彩绚丽。Thangka come in different types in terms of production approaches. Besides color painting and printing Thangka, there are also embroidered Thangka, brocaded Thangka, kesi Thangka, appliqué Thangka and pearl Thangka. Embroidered Thangka is made with silk threads of various colors with contents including mountains and waters, people, flowers, feathers, kiosks and pavilions; brocaded Thangka is made on silk texture. Different patterns are made with silk threads of several colors and then stick them to the fabrics. This is also called barbola. Applique Thangka is made by pasting various figures and patterns cut from different colored silk into the fabrics. Kesi Thangka uses continuous longitudinal lines and broken latitude lines to express various patterns. The latitude lines of various colors are used only for decoration. Sometimes, jewelries and stones are added on the colorful patterns, making the Tangkas more glorious and splendid. Kesi Thangka is a special artistic work that transplant painting into silk products unique only to China. These fabric Thangkas feature tight and thick textures, precise layouts, delicate patterns and eye-catching colors.

中国是龙狮运动的发源地。舞龙、舞狮自问世以来，一直深受各族人民的喜爱，历代相传，长盛不衰，并由此形成了灿烂的龙狮文化。长期以来，很多青年朋友都以为龙舞、狮舞就是春节、庙会、庆典时的喜庆表演，殊不知它历经了几千年的传承流变，积淀了深厚的历史文化，是祖先留给我们的极其宝贵的文化遗产。China is home to the Dragon Dance and Lion Dance. The two performances have been welcomed by people from various ethnic groups for generations. These activities thrive and have formed a glorious dragon and lion dancing culture. Many young people know that the dragon dance and lion dance are performed during festivals such as Spring Festival, Spring Festival fairs and celebrations. But they don’t know that after several thousand years the two activities have accumulated thick historical cultures and are extremely valuable cultural heritages handed down from Chinese people’s ancestors.
舞龙The Dragon Dance
舞龙的主要道具是“龙”。龙用草、竹、布等扎制而成，龙的节数以单数为吉利，多见九节龙、十一节龙、十三节龙，多者可达二十九节。十五节以上的龙就比较笨重，不宜舞动，主要是用来观赏，这种龙特别讲究装潢，具有很高的工艺价值。还有一种“火龙”，用竹篾编成圆筒，形成笼子，糊上透明、漂亮的龙衣，内燃蜡烛或油灯，夜间表演十分壮观。时至今日，舞龙经过不断发展和改进，经常成为一种具有观赏性的竞赛运动。The dragon is made of straw, bamboo shoots and cloth. Each dragon is different in size. There are nine-section dragons, 11-section dragons, 13-section dragons and even 29-section dragons. Dragons longer than 15 sections are heavy and difficult to dance with. These longer dancing dragons are more for decoration than performances.There are also fire dragons. To make a fire dragon, cylinder-shaped cages are made with bamboo strips. Transparent and beautiful dragon cloth is pasted on the surface. Inside the cages are candles or lamps. The fire dragons illuminate the night skies, providing viewers and passersby with a stunning display.
舞狮The Lion Dance
狮子外形威武，动作刚劲，神态多变，民间有许多不同的传说，一时变作神话，一时拉上历史，为舞狮增添了不少神秘色彩，亦令它更加深入民心。人们相信狮子是祥瑞之兽，舞狮能够带来好运，所以每逢春节或其它一些庆典活动，都会在阵阵锣鼓鞭炮声中，舞狮助庆祈求吉利。舞狮是我国优秀的民间艺术，每逢元宵佳节或集会庆典，民间都以狮舞前来助兴。这一习俗起源于三国时期，南北朝时开始流行，至今已有一千多年的历史。Mighty and splendid, the Lion Dance features rigid movement and various expressions. There are many different versions of the Lion Dance. Some use fables and some are related to history, adding a mysterious element to the Lion Dance. People believe that lions are auspicious animals and that the accompanying dance can bring good luck. So, during Spring Festival and other celebrations, the Lion Dance is often performed to beating drums, gongs and firecrackers to pray for good luck.The Lion Dance can be traced back to the Three Kingdoms period and became popular in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It has a history of more than 1,000 years.

中国人生肖中的十二种动物大致可分为三类：The 12 Chinese zodiac animals can be divided into three categories.
一类是已被驯化的“六畜”，即牛、羊、马、猪、狗、鸡，它们是人类为了经济或其它目的而驯养的，占十二种动物的一半。“六畜”在中国的农业文化中是一个重要的概念，有着悠久的历史，在中国人的传统观念中“六畜兴旺”代表着家族人丁兴旺、吉祥美好。春节时人们一般都会提“六畜兴旺”，因此这六畜成为生肖是有其必然性的。The first category includes the six kinds of tamed animals such as the ox, goat, horse, pig, dog and rooster, accounting for half of the zodiac animals. They are raised by people for economic or domestic purposes. These animals form an important concept in China’s agricultural culture. In the traditional philosophy of the Chinese people, the prosperity of these animals means the prosperity of their families. On Spring Festival, people usually mention “prosperity of the six domesticated animals.” Thus, it is natural for the animals to be among the 12 zodiac animals.
第二类是野生动物中为人们所熟知的，与人的日常、社会生活有着密切关系的动物，它们是虎、兔、猴、鼠、蛇，其中有为人们所敬畏的介入人类生活的，如虎、蛇；也有为人们所厌恶、忌讳，却依赖人类生存的鼠类；更有人们所喜爱的，如兔、猴。The second category are wild animals that are familiar to people and closely related to people’s daily and social life. They are the tiger, rabbit, monkey, mouse and snake. Some of them are awed by people and interfere with people’s lives, such as the tiger and snake; some are hated by the people but they must depend on human race for a living, like the mouse; there are also the animals people like, such as the rabbit and monkey.
第三类是中国人传统的象征性的吉祥物——龙，龙是中华民族的象征，是集许多动物的特性于一体的“人造物”，是人们想象中的“灵物”。龙代表富贵吉祥，是最具象征色彩的吉祥动物，因此生肖中更少不了龙的位置。Dragon, the traditional symbol and mascot of the Chinese people, falls in the third category: mythological creatures. The symbol of the Chinese nation is actually made up and does not exist in nature. It is an animal of luck that exists only in people’s imaginations. Dragon represents wealth and auspiciousness with symbolic status. Thus, it is natural for the dragon to be included among the 12 zodiac animals.

Located in the center of Nanjing, Xinjiekou is a famous business district that has nearly 100 years of history. Every holiday and weekend, the street sees about 700,000 people per day. Covering an area of 0.275 square kilometers, it is home to more than 1,600 shops. Following its rapid development, the city has designated various special streets, including a food street, a pedestrian street, a bar street, a folk culture street and a gold and jewelry street.

泥塑，即用粘土塑制成各种形象的一种民间手工艺。在民间俗称“彩塑”、“泥玩”。泥塑艺术是我国一种古老常见的民间艺术。它以泥土为原料，以手工捏制成形。或素或彩，以人物、动物为主。Clay sculptures, a kind of folk craft of sculpturing a variety of figures from clay, is also known as “painted sculpture” and “mud play”. Clay sculpture art is an ancient and common Chinese folk art form in which clay can be used as raw material and kneaded by hand to take form. They are plain in color or multi colored and mainly take the shape of human figures and animals.
泥塑简史Brief History of Clay Sculpture
中国泥塑艺术可上溯到距今4千至1万年前的新石器时期。史前文化地下考古就有多处发现。浙江河姆渡文化遗址出土的陶猪、陶羊时间约为6千至7千年前左右；河南新郑裴李岗文化遗址出土的古陶井及泥猪、泥羊头时间约为7千年前。可以确认是人类早期手工捏制的艺术品。Chinese clay sculpture art can be traced back to the Neolithic period – 4,000 to 10,000 years ago. There have been many archaeological findings of protoculture: the ceramic pig and ceramic sheep unearthed from the Hemudu Cultural Relics in Zhejiang date back about 6,000 or 7,000 years. The ancient ceramic well, clay pig and clay sheep head sculptures unearthed from Peiligang Cultural Relics in Xinzheng, Henan date back 7,000 years. These artifacts have been verified to be works of art kneaded by early human hands.
自新石器时代之后，中国泥塑艺术一直没有间断，发展到汉代已成为重要的艺术品种。考古工作者从两汉墓葬中发掘了大量的文物，其中有为数众多的陶俑、陶兽、陶马车、陶船等等。其中有手捏的，也有模制的。汉代先民认为亡灵如人生在世，同样有物质生活的需求。因此丧葬习俗中需要大量的陪葬品，这在客观上为泥塑的发展和演变起了推动作用。Since the end of the New Stone Age, Chinese clay sculpture art production has been uninterrupted. In the Han Dynasty, it became an important art form. Archaeologists have excavated a large amount of cultural relics from the tombs of two Han Dynasties. The number of pottery figurines, pottery animal, pottery carriages and pottery ships etc. found has been extensive. Some examples were kneaded by hand and some were mold produced. The ancients of the Han Dynasty believed that people in the afterlife also led the lives of living people and also bore the demands of material life. A large number of funeral objects were required by mortuary customs, objectively promoting the development and evolution of clay sculpture.
两汉以后，随着道教的兴起和佛教的传入，以及多神化的奉祀活动，社会上的道观、佛寺、庙堂兴起，直接促进了泥塑偶像的需求和泥塑艺术的发展。到了唐代，泥塑艺术达到了顶峰。被誉为雕塑圣手的杨惠之就是唐代杰出的代表。他与吴道子同师张僧繇，道子学成，惠之不甘落后，毅然焚毁笔砚，奋发专攻塑，终成名家。为当世人称赞：“道子画，惠之塑，夺得僧繇神笔路”。After the two Han Dynasties, with the rise of Taoism and the introduction of Buddhism as well as the enshrinement activities of polytheism, Taoist temples, Buddhist temples and temples across society sprang up, directly promoting the demand of clay Buddha sculptures and for the development of clay sculpture. In the Tang Dynasty, clay sculptures were at their peak. Yang Huizhi, was honored as a divine sculptor was an outstanding representative during the Tang Dynasty. He and Wu Daozi both learnt with Zhang Sengyao. Daozi finished his study and Huizhi was unwilling to lag behind. He resolutely burnt his writing brushes and ink stones and worked hard to learn sculpture and finally he became a famous master who was praised by the common people: “Daozi’s painting and Huizhi’s sculpture have inherited the essence of Sengyao”.
泥塑艺术发展到宋代，不但宗教题材的大型佛像继续繁荣，小型泥塑玩具也发展起来。有许多人专门从事泥人制作，作为商品出售。北宋时东京著名的泥玩具“磨喝乐”在七月七日前后出售，不仅平民百姓买回去“乞巧”，达官贵人也要在七夕期间买回去供奉玩耍。When the clay sculpture art developed to the Song Dynasty, the large figure of Buddha continued to be prevalent and small clay toy sculptures were also developed. Many people were specially engaged in the production of clay figurines and sold them as commodity. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the famous clay toy “Grinding Drinking Music” from Dongjing (the capital of Northern Song Dynasty) was on sale around the 7th date of the 7th lunar month. Common people bought it as a “begging opportunity”. In addition, the high officials and noble lords also bought it for shrines and to worship as well as for play during the seventh evening of the seventh moon.
元代之后，历经明、清、民国，泥塑艺术品在社会上仍然流传不衰，尤其是小型泥塑，既可观赏陈设，又可让儿童玩耍。几乎全国各地都有生产，其中著名的产地有无锡惠山、天津“泥人张”、陕西风翔、河北白沟、山东高密、河南浚县、淮阳以及北京。After the Yuan Dynasty, clay sculpture works of art continued their unabated spread across society throughout the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty and the period of the Republic of China, especially small clay sculptures which can be appreciated, displayed and be played with by children. The sculptures were produced all over the country and famous production areas include Huishan, Wuxi, Tianjin (Clay Figure Zhang), Fengxiang, Shanxi, Baigou, Hebei, Gaomi, Shandong, Junxian, Henan, Huaiyang and Beijing.
泥塑魅力The Charm of Clay Sculpture
泥塑艺术是中华民间艺术的一种，民间艺人用天然的或廉价的材料，能够作出精美小巧的工艺品，博得民众的喜爱。虽然泥塑并非以科技含量而论，但它确实在人们的生活中增加了新的亮点。朴实、直观、真实和更加的“零距离”。在珍藏时间上也极具挑战性，而且还具有收藏价值。就是说每件作品均是手工制做，皆为孤品，世界上独一无二的。不存在仿造、复制、盗版等被侵权现象的发生，它更不同于油画、剪纸、浮雕等其他艺术的表现形式。泥塑艺术具有强烈的视觉冲击效果，欣赏角度也极为的丰富和多样化，更能贴近于人们的生活。在高科技迅猛发展的今天，是人们追求其返璞归真的具体写照，同时也是当今人们追求时尚、个性的一种体现。中国非常重视非物质文化遗产的保护，2006年5月20日，泥塑经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。Clay sculpture art is a kind of Chinese folk art. The folk artisans use natural or cheap materials but can make small and exquisite artifacts, gaining popularity with common people. Though clay sculptures are not technologically involved, they bring highlights to people’s lives by means of simplicity, direct-vision, authenticity and hands on characteristics. In terms of collection times, clay sculpture collections are very challenging and collections are valued. Each work is made by hand and is unique and is artistically untainted by copies, reproductions or counterfeits etc. Different from, other forms of art such as paintings, paper cuttings and embossment etc., clay sculpture art has a strong visual impact with appreciation from varying angles adding richness and diversity, more closely resembling life. Today, with high technology developing rapidly, reflection upon this art form allows people to return to an original simplicity and clay sculptures allow for a manifestation of fashion and individuality. China attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, upon the approval of the State Council, clay sculpture was listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage.