{"id":3491,"date":"2019-11-18T05:01:17","date_gmt":"2019-11-18T05:01:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-culture\/fictions-of-the-ming-and-qing-dynasties\/"},"modified":"2019-11-18T05:01:17","modified_gmt":"2019-11-18T05:01:17","slug":"fictions-of-the-ming-and-qing-dynasties","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/my\/fictions-of-the-ming-and-qing-dynasties\/","title":{"rendered":"Fictions of the Ming and Qing Dynasties"},"content":{"rendered":"
Chinese Fictions
In the Ming (míng cháo \u660e\u671d)(1368-1644 AD) and Qing (q\u012bng cháo \u6e05\u671d)(1644-1911 AD) dynasties, Chinese literature entered a new epoch. The two dynasties witnessed great achievements in the creation of fiction. Representative works are the Four Great Classical Novels (sì dà míng zhù \u56db\u5927\u540d\u8457): Romance of Three Kingdoms (s\u0101n guó y\u01cen yì \u4e09\u56fd\u6f14\u4e49), Outlaws of the Marsh (shu\u01d0 h\u01d4 zhuàn \u6c34\u6d52\u4f20), Journey to the West (x\u012b yóu jì \u897f\u6e38\u8bb0) and A Dream of Red Mansions (hóng lóu mèng \u7ea2\u697c\u68a6). Those works enjoy a high reputation throughout the world. What’s more, they have been adapted for the screen and the stage, winning the favor of global audience.<\/p>\n

Romance of Three Kingdoms
Romance of Three Kingdoms is the first complete historical novel in China. The author Luo Guanzhong (luó guàn zh\u014dng \u7f57\u8d2f\u4e2d) lived in the late Yuan (yuán cháo hòu q\u012b \u5143\u671d\u540e\u671f) and early Ming dynasties. This novel was written on the basis of historical records and the stories between 169AD and 280AD a<\/em>bout the three kingdoms that circulated among the people.<\/p>\n

Cao Cao
   
Sun Quan
   
Liu Bei
  Cao Cao \u66f9\u64cd
   
 Sun Quan \u5b59\u6743
   
  Liu Bei \u5218\u5907<\/p>\n

Reflecting the upheavals of the time, It focused on the military and political rivalry between the kingdoms of Wei (wèi \u9b4f), Shu (sh\u01d4 \u8700) and Wu (wú \u5434). Cao Cao (cáo c\u0101o \u66f9\u64cd) standed for the north power. He held the Han’s (hàn cháo \u6c49\u671d) emperor under duress and found the Wei Kingdom. In the south, Liu Bei (liú bèi \u5218\u5907), who o<\/em>nce sold fans and shoes, found the Shu Kingdom because of his Imperial Uncle title and reputation; While Sun Quan (s\u016bn quán \u5b59\u6743), head of Wu Kingdom co<\/em>ntrolled the southeast. There are also many politicians and knights helping the three persons. In order to co<\/em>nsolidate China, Cao Cao made several battles. On the other hand, the other two men wanted to enlarge their force and power to be king of the unified China. Through many battles, such as the Battle of Red Cliff, lastly the Xi Jin Kindom (x\u012b jìn \u897f\u664b) defeated the Three Kingdoms and ended this period.
In the novel, the author successfully created a number of impressive characters with different characteristics, such as Zhuge Liang (zh\u016bg\u011b liàng \u8bf8\u845b\u4eae), a superb strategist, cunning and suspicious Cao Cao, loyal and brave Guan Yu (gu\u0101n y\u01d4 \u5173\u7fbd), reckless Zhang Fei (zh\u0101ng f\u0113i \u5f20\u98de), etc.<\/p>\n

Outlaws of the Marsh
Outlaws of the MarshOutlaws of the Marsh is a novel a<\/em>bout a peasant rebellion. The authorship Shi Nai’an (sh\u012b nài \u0101n \u65bd\u8010\u5eb5) also lived in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties. ba<\/em>sed on popular stories a<\/em>bout a peasant rebellion led by Song Jiang (sòng ji\u0101ng \u5b8b\u6c5f) in the later years of the Song Dynasty (sòng cháo \u5b8b\u671d), Shi wrote this novel.
It is vaguely ba<\/em>sed upon the historical bandit Song Jiang and his thirty-six companions. Song Jiang’s bandits were expanded to number 108, and though they came from different backgrounds, all eventually came to occupy Liangshan (liáng sh\u0101n \u6881\u5c71). 108 heroes did not all appear at once. In fact the book was a<\/em>bout how the bandits got together and joined the group one at a time or in small groups to escape some injustice perpetrated by corrupt officials. The novel details the trials and tribulations of 108 outlaws during the early 12th century, uncovering the social reality of a rebellion of civilians forced by persecution of officials. Episodes like Wu Song (w\u01d4 s\u01d2ng \u6b66\u677e) strikes a tiger and Lu Zhishen (l\u01d4 zhì sh\u0113n \u9c81\u667a\u6df1) pulls out a willow tree remain vivid till now.<\/p>\n

Journey to the west
Journey to the WestJourney to the west is a renowned mythical novel. The author was Wu Cheng’en (wú chéng \u0113n \u5434\u627f\u6069) of the Ming dynasty. The novel was a fictio<\/em>nalized account of the mythologized legends around the Buddhist monk Xuan Zang (xuán zàng \u7384\u5958)’s pilgrimage to India during the Tang Dynasty (táng cháo \u5510\u671d) in order to obtain Buddhist religious texts called sutras. The Bodhisattva (gu\u0101n y\u012bn pú sà \u89c2\u97f3\u83e9\u8428), on instruction from the Buddha, gave this task to the monk and his three protectors in the form of disciples — namely Sun Wukong (s\u016bn wù k\u014dng \u5b59\u609f\u7a7a), Zhu Bajie (zh\u016b b\u0101 jiè \u732a\u516b\u6212) and Sha Wujing (sh\u0101 wù jìng \u6c99\u609f\u51c0) — together with a dragon prince who acts as Xuan Zang’s horse mount. These four characters have agreed to help Xuan Zang as ato<\/em>nement for past sins. They subdued all kinds of demons during the journey and survived 81 calamities to eventually brought back the sutras. As the most attractive figure in the novel, Mo<\/em>nkey Sun Wukong was clever and brave as well as possessed the great power. He showed no fear in the face of heavenly gods or sinister monsters, which made him in high favor with most readers. The novel is full of fantasies that indicate the author’s abundant imagination. It has always had a tremendous impact on the Chinese people.<\/p>\n

A dream of Red Mansions
A dream of Red Mansions can be regarded as the best Chinese classic novel. The author was Cao Xueqin (cáo xu\u011b qín \u66f9\u96ea\u82b9), one of great litterateurs of the Qing Dynasty. Through a tragedy of romance between Jia Baoyu (ji\u01ce b\u01ceo yù \u8d3e\u5b9d\u7389) of a noble clan and lin Daiyu (lín dài yù \u6797\u9edb\u7389), the novel gives an account of the history of a feudal clan from its heyday to its final collapse. The novel is believed to be semi-autobiographical, mirroring the fortunes of Cao’s own family. As the author details in the first chapter, it is intended to be a memorial to the women he knew in his youth: friends, relatives and servants.
a dream of red mansions
   
a dream of red mansions
The novel is remarkable not o<\/em>nly for its huge cast of characters (most of them female) and psychological scope, but also for its precise and detailed observation of the life and social structures typical of 18th-century Chinese aristocracy. It is also one of the world’s first feminist novel.
There are more than 400 characters vividly depicted in the novel, like Wang Xifeng (wáng x\u012b fèng \u738b\u7199\u51e4), Xue Baochai (xu\u0113 b\u01ceo ch\u0101i \u859b\u5b9d\u9497) and Qing wen(qíng wén \u6674\u96ef), etc. with its fascinating scenario and superb language, A Dream of Red Mansions has reached the zenith of the Chinese novels, and holds an im<\/em>portant position in the history of world literature. <\/p>\n

Other im<\/em>portant works
Other im<\/em>portant works include: Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (liáo zh\u0101i zhì yì  \u804a\u658b\u5fd7\u5f02) by Pu So<\/em>ngling (pú s\u014dng líng \u84b2\u677e\u9f84), and The Scholars (rú lín wài sh\u01d0 \u5112\u6797\u5916\u53f2) by Wu Jingzi (wú jìng z\u01d0 \u5434\u656c\u6893). Both of them all enjoy good fames all over the world.<\/p>\n

\u660e\u6e05\u5c0f\u8bf4<\/p>\n

      \u660e\u6e05\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c0f\u8bf4\u53f2\u4e0a\u7684\u7e41\u8363\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u4ece\u660e\u4ee3\u59cb\uff0c\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8fd9\u79cd\u6587\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u5145\u5206\u663e\u793a\u51fa\u5176\u793e\u4f1a\u4f5c\u7528\u548c\u6587\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\ufe50\u6253\u7834\u4e86\u6b63\u7edf\u8bd7\u6587\u7684\u5784\u65ad\ufe50\u5728\u6587\u5b66\u53f2\u4e0a\ufe50\u53d6\u5f97\u4e0e\u5510\u8bd7\ufe51\u5b8b\u8bcd\ufe51\u5143\u66f2\u5e76\u5217\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u6e05\u4ee3\u5219\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u5c0f\u8bf4\u76db\u6781\u800c\u8870\u5e76\u5411\u8fd1\u73b0\u4ee3\u5c0f\u8bf4\u8f6c\u53d8\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u5c31\u662f\u73b0\u5728\u4e3a\u5927\u5bb6\u6240\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u53e4\u5178\u56db\u5927\u540d\u8457\u3002Romance of Three Kingdoms
      \u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u56db\u5927\u540d\u8457\u662f\u300a\u4e09\u56fd\u6f14\u4e49\u300b\u300a\u6c34\u6d52\u4f20\u300b\u300a\u897f\u6e38\u8bb0\u300b\u300a\u7ea2\u697c\u68a6\u300b\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e43\u81f3\u5168\u4eba\u7c7b\u5171\u540c\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u5b9d\u8d35\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\uff0c\u5728\u6574\u4e2a\u534e\u4eba\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u6709\u7740\u6df1\u8fdc\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u6bdb\u6cfd\u4e1c\u8bf4\u8fc7\uff1a“\u751f\u5b50\u5f53\u5982\u4ef2\u8c0b\uff0c\u4ea4\u53cb\u5982\u9c81\u8fbe\uff0c\u4fe1\u5fc3\u5982\u5510\u50e7\uff0c\u8bfb\u4e66\u5c31\u8bfb\u56db\u5927\u540d\u8457\u3002”\u7814\u8bfb\u4e2d\u56fd\u56db\u5927\u540d\u8457\uff0c\u662f\u6d4f\u89c8\u4e2d\u56fd\u53e4\u5178\u6587\u5b66\u7684\u667a\u80fd\u4e4b\u6d77\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9605\u5386\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u4eba\u6587\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u5730\u7406\u3001\u6c11\u4fd7\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u3001\u5904\u4e8b\u7b56\u7565\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u5e93\u3002
      \u300a\u4e09\u56fd\u6f14\u4e49\u300b\u63cf\u5199\u7684\u662f\u4ece\u4e1c\u6c49\u672b\u5e74\u5230\u897f\u664b\u521d\u5e74\u4e4b\u95f4\u8fd1\u4e00\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u98ce\u4e91\u3002\u5168\u4e66\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e09\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u653f\u6cbb\u519b\u4e8b\u6597\u4e89\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e09\u56fd\u65f6\u4ee3\u5404\u7c7b\u793e\u4f1a\u77db\u76fe\u7684\u6e17\u900f\u4e0e\u8f6c\u5316\uff0c\u6982\u62ec\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5de8\u53d8\uff0c\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u4e00\u6279\u54a4\u53f1\u98ce\u4e91\u7684\u82f1\u96c4\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u5728\u5bf9\u4e09\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u628a\u63e1\u4e0a\uff0c\u4f5c\u8005\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u660e\u663e\u7684\u62e5\u5218\u53cd\u66f9\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u4ee5\u5218\u5907\u96c6\u56e2\u4f5c\u4e3a\u63cf\u5199\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\uff0c\u5bf9\u5218\u5907\u96c6\u56e2\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4eba\u7269\u52a0\u4ee5\u6b4c\u9882\uff0c\u5bf9\u66f9\u64cd\u5219\u6781\u529b\u63ed\u9732\u97ad\u631e\u3002\u4eca\u5929\u6211\u4eec\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4f5c\u8005\u7684\u8fd9\u79cd\u62e5\u5218\u53cd\u66f9\u7684\u503e\u5411\u5e94\u6709\u8fa9\u8bc1\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002\u5c0a\u5218\u53cd\u66f9\u662f\u6c11\u95f4\u4f20\u8bf4\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u5728\u7f57\u8d2f\u4e2d\u65f6\u4ee3\u9690\u542b\u7740\u4eba\u6c11\u5bf9\u6c49\u65cf\u590d\u5174\u7684\u5e0c\u671b\u3002
      \u300a\u6c34\u6d52\u4f20\u300b\u4f5c\u8005\u5728\u300a\u5ba3\u548c\u9057\u4e8b\u300b\u53ca\u76f8\u5173\u8bdd\u672c\u3001\u6545\u4e8b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u521b\u4f5c\u800c\u6210\u3002\u5168\u4e66\u4ee5\u63cf\u5199\u519c\u6c11\u6218\u4e89\u4e3a\u4e3b\u8981\u9898\u6750\uff0c\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u674e\u9035\u3001\u6b66\u677e\u3001\u6797\u51b2\u3001\u9c81\u667a\u6df1\u7b49\u6881\u5c71\u82f1\u96c4\uff0c\u63ed\u793a\u4e86\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u77db\u76fe\u3002\u6545\u4e8b\u66f2\u6298\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u751f\u52a8\u3001\u4eba\u7269\u6027\u683c\u9c9c\u660e\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u827a\u672f\u6210\u5c31\u3002
     \u300a\u897f\u6e38\u8bb0\u300b\u4ee5\u6c11\u95f4\u4f20\u8bf4\u7684\u5510\u50e7\u53d6\u7ecf\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u548c\u6709\u5173\u8bdd\u672c\u53ca\u6742\u5267\uff08\u5143\u672b\u660e\u521d\u6768\u8bb7\u4f5c\uff09\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u521b\u4f5c\u800c\u6210\u3002\u897f\u6e38\u8bb0\u524d\u4e03\u56de\u53d9\u8ff0\u5b59\u609f\u7a7a\u51fa\u4e16\uff0c\u6709\u5927\u95f9\u5929\u5bab\u7b49\u6545\u4e8b\u3002\u6b64\u540e\u5199\u5b59\u609f\u7a7a\u968f\u5510\u50e7\u897f\u5929\u53d6\u7ecf\uff0c\u6cbf\u9014\u9664\u5996\u964d\u9b54\u3001\u6218\u80dc\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\u3002Outlaws of the Marsh
     \u300a\u7ea2\u697c\u68a6\u300b\u5199\u4e8e\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7eaa\u4e2d\u53f6\u7684\u6e05\u4e7e\u9686\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u5185\u5bb9\u4ee5\u8d3e\u3001\u738b\u3001\u53f2\u3001\u859b\u56db\u5927\u5bb6\u65cf\u4e3a\u80cc\u666f\uff0c\u4ee5\u8d3e\u5b9d\u7389\u3001\u6797\u9edb\u7389\u7684\u7231\u60c5\u60b2\u5267\u4e3a\u4e3b\u7ebf\uff0c\u63cf\u5199\u4e86\u5c01\u5efa\u5b98\u50da\u8d3e\u3001\u738b\u3001\u53f2\u3001\u859b\u56db\u5927\u5bb6\u65cf\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u8d3e\u5bb6\u7684\u8870\u843d\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u63ed\u9732\u4e86\u5c01\u5efa\u7edf\u6cbb\u8005\u7684\u7f6a\u6076\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5c01\u5efa\u738b\u671d\u5fc5\u5c06\u8870\u843d\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u547d\u8fd0\u3002\u4f5c\u54c1\u8bed\u8a00\u4f18\u7f8e\u751f\u52a8\uff0c\u5584\u4e8e\u523b\u753b\u4eba\u7269\uff0c\u5851\u9020\u4e86\u8d3e\u5b9d\u7389\u3001\u6797\u9edb\u7389\u3001\u738b\u7199\u51e4\u3001\u859b\u5b9d\u9497\u3001\u5c24\u4e09\u59d0\u7b49\u4e2a\u6027\u9c9c\u660e\u7684\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u672c\u4e66\u89c4\u6a21\u5b8f\u5927\uff0c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e25\u8c28\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u827a\u672f\u6210\u5c31\u3002<\/p>\n

Purchasing Online
If you are interested in the Four Great Classical Novels, you can buy and read them, which will make you know more  a<\/em>bout Chinese culture.
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