{"id":6115,"date":"2019-11-17T19:36:26","date_gmt":"2019-11-17T19:36:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-culture\/chinese-copper-cash-in-previous-periods-of-history-zhong-guo-li-dai-tong-qian\/"},"modified":"2019-11-17T19:36:26","modified_gmt":"2019-11-17T19:36:26","slug":"chinese-copper-cash-in-previous-periods-of-history-zhong-guo-li-dai-tong-qian","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/my\/chinese-copper-cash-in-previous-periods-of-history-zhong-guo-li-dai-tong-qian\/","title":{"rendered":"Chinese Copper Cash in Previous Periods of History \u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u4ee3\u94dc\u94b1"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u9a91\u58eb\u8d2e\u8d1d\u5668\uff08\u897f\u6c49\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u7701\u664b\u5b81\u53bf\u77f3\u5be8\u5c71\u51fa\u571f\uff0c\u4e91\u5357\u535a\u7269\u9986\u85cf\uff09\uff0c\u662f\u4e3a\u8d2e\u5b58\u4f5c\u4e3a\u6d41\u901a\u8d27\u5e01\u7684\u8d1d\u800c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5668\u76bf\u3002
Knight shell co<\/em>ntainer (unearthed in Shizhaishan of Jinning, Yunnan Province, and collected in Yunnan Provincial Museum), is a kind of vessel that is designed for storing shells, one forms of currency in the Western Han dynasty.
\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u8d27\u5e01\u662f\u8d1d\u58f3\uff0c\u4ea7\u751f\u4e8e\u539f\u59cb\u6c0f\u65cf\u65f6\u671f\u3002\u5230\u4e86\u5546\u4ee3\uff0c\u9752\u94dc\u4e5f\u88ab\u94f8\u9020\u6210\u8d1d\u58f3\u72b6\u7684\u5c0f\u8d27\u5e01\u5f00\u59cb\u6d41\u901a\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6700\u65e9\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u8d27\u5e01——\u94dc\u4eff\u5e01\u3002
Shells are believed to be the earliest form of currency used in ancient China, and first appeared in the period of primitive clan society. In the Shang Dynasty, imitation shell mo<\/em>ney made from bro<\/em>nze was put into circulation, and became the earliest form of me<\/em>tal money—bro<\/em>nze shell-shaped money.
\u6218\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u9f50\u3001\u8d75\u3001\u71d5\u4e09\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u8bf8\u4faf\u56fd\u94f8\u884c\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u5200\u5e01\uff0c\u662f\u4eff\u53e4\u4ee3\u6587\u5177\u524a\u5200\u800c\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u5f53\u65f6\u672a\u53d1\u660e\u7eb8\uff0c\u5b57\u5199\u5728\u7af9\u7b80\u4e4b\u4e0a\uff0c\u524a\u5200\u5373\u7528\u4e8e\u524a\u7af9\u7247\u548c\u524a\u9519\u5b57\uff0c\u662f\u5f53\u65f6\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u7684\u6807\u51c6\u914d\u5907\uff0c\u5200\u5e01\u4e0a\u4ea6\u6709\u4e8c\u5230\u56db\u5b57\u3002
During the Warring States period, the three states–Qi, Zhao and Yan—issued knife money, which was derived from a cutting knife, a kind of ancient writing materials. People wrote on bamboo slips before paper came into existence. The cutting knife was used to make bamboo slips and correct the wrong characters, and thus became one of the must-haves for intellectuals at that time. There were 2 to 4 characters on the knife money.
\u79e6\u56fd\u7edf\u4e00\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u5e9f\u9664\u5217\u56fd\u8d27\u5e01\uff0c\u4ee5\u79e6\u56fd\u7684\u65b9\u5b54\u5706\u94b1\u4e3a\u7edf\u4e00\u6cd5\u5b9a\u8d27\u5e01\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e01\u6b63\u9762\u6709\u4e24\u5b57\uff0c\u81ea\u53f3\u5411\u5de6\u4e3a“\u534a\u4e24”\uff0c\u662f\u8bb0\u94b1\u5e01\u91cd\u91cf\u7684\u3002\u5916\u5706\u5185\u65b9\uff0c\u4e2d\u95f4\u4e3a\u65b9\u5b54\uff0c\u4fbf\u4e8e\u7528\u7ef3\u7ebf\u7a7f\u4e32\u3002
After Emperor Qin Shihuang unified China, he abolished all other forms of local currency and introduced a natio<\/em>nal uniform copper coin ba<\/em>sed on the coins previously used by Qin, which were round with a square hole in the middle. This kind of mo<\/em>ney had two characters on its head: “ban (\u534a\uff0chalf)” on the right and “liang (\u4e24, tael)” on the left, which was exactly the weight of each coin. The round shape and square hole made the coin easy to be strung o<\/em>nto a piece of string.
\u897f\u6c49\u65f6\uff0c\u6c49\u6b66\u5e1d\u786e\u7acb\u4e86“\u4e94\u94e2”\u4f5c\u94b1\u540d\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u94b1\u8fb9\u7f18\u52a0\u4e00\u5708\u51f8\u8d77\u7684\u8fb9\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u4e94\u94e2\u94b1\u94f8\u9020\u5f97\u7cbe\u81f4\u89c4\u6574\uff0c\u5927\u5c0f\u5408\u9002\uff0c\u5916\u53c8\u6709\u8fb9\u5708\uff0c\u4e45\u7528\u540e\u5f88\u5149\u6ed1\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6df1\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u3002\u76f4\u5230\u968b\u4ee3\uff0c\u5404\u671d\u4e00\u76f4\u7528\u4e94\u94e2\u94b1\u4f5c\u94b1\u540d\u3002
In the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wudi created the wuzhu coin, which was minted with a rim. Wuzhu coins enjoyed great popularity due to its delicate casting, right size and rim which became smooth over time, and was widely used up until the Sui Dynasty.
\u968b\u671d\u4ecd\u94f8\u4e94\u94e2\u94b1\uff0c\u91cd\u91cf\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8f6e\u5ed3\u8f83\u5bbd\uff0c\u4e94\u94e2\u524d\u4e5f\u4e0d\u52a0\u5e74\u53f7\uff0c“\u4e94”\u5b57\u4e3a\u7bc6\u4e66\uff0c\u4ea4\u53c9\u7684\u4e24\u7b14\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3a\u76f4\uff0c\u79f0\u76f4\u80a1\uff0c\u4e00\u79cd\u4e3a\u66f2\uff0c\u79f0\u66f2\u80a1\u3002
Wuzhu coins issued in the Sui Dynasty featured a standard weight and broad rim. The coins had the characters “wuzhu” stamped on them. The character “wu” was in the style of seal s<\/em>cript: the two crossed strokes which were straight were called Zhi Gu, and the two crossed strokes which were curved were called Qu Gu.
\u5510\u671d\u65f6\uff0c\u674e\u6e0a\u6539\u94b1\u79f0\u4e3a“\u901a\u5b9d”\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u524d\u8fb9\u51a0\u4ee5“\u5f00\u5143”\u4e8c\u5b57\uff0c\u5373\u5f00\u5143\u901a\u5b9d\uff0c\u524d\u540e\u4f7f\u7528\u4e86280\u4f59\u5e74\u3002
During the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Li Yuan changed the name of the currency to “Kuai Yuan Tong Bao”, which was used for over 280 years.
\u5230\u4e86\u5b8b\u4ee3\uff0c\u8d27\u5e01\u7ecf\u6d4e\u53d1\u5c55\u8fbe\u5230\u4e86\u5c01\u5efa\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u9876\u5cf0\uff0c\u94f8\u94b1\u6570\u76ee\u53ca\u79cd\u7c7b\u90fd\u5f88\u591a\uff0c\u73b0\u5b58\u7684\u53e4\u94b1\u5e01\u4e2d\uff0c80%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u90fd\u662f\u4e24\u5b8b\u94b1\u5e01\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u7687\u5e1d\u5e38\u5e38\u4eb2\u81ea\u4e66\u5199\u94b1\u6587\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a“\u5fa1\u4e66\u94b1”\u3002
In the Song Dynasty, the mo<\/em>ney eco<\/em>nomy reached its peak with remarkable quality and quantity. Among the extant ancient coins nowadays, a<\/em>bout 80% were made in the Song Dynasty. At that time, emperors often wrote the characters on the coins, which were thus called “Yu Shu Qian”.
\u5143\u671d\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u4eff\u6c49\u65cf\u5e74\u53f7\u94f8\u6709“\u81f3\u5927\u901a\u5b9d”\uff0c\u53c8\u7528\u8499\u53e4\u6587\u5b57\u516b\u601d\u5df4\u6587\u94f8\u6709“\u5927\u5143\u901a\u5b9d”\uff0c\u665a\u671f\u94f8\u94b1\u540d“\u81f3\u6b63\u901a\u5b9d”\uff0c\u94b1\u9762\u4e3a\u6c49\u6587\uff0c\u94b1\u80cc\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u516b\u601d\u5df4\u6587\uff0c\u8bb0\u6570\u6216\u8bb0\u5730\u652f\u3002
“Zhi Da Tong Bao” with ins<\/em>cription written in Chinese and “Da Yuan Tong Bao” with ins<\/em>cription written in Mo<\/em>ngol Phags-pa were used in the early period of the Yuan Dynasty, and “Zhi Zheng Tong Bao” which featured an ins<\/em>cription in Chinese on one side and an ins<\/em>cription in Mo<\/em>ngol on the other side.
\u660e\u4ee3\u6731\u5143\u748b\u4ecd\u7528\u5e74\u53f7\u4f5c\u94b1\u540d\uff0c\u4e3a“\u6d2a\u6b66\u901a\u5b9d”\uff0c\u5e76\u547d\u5404\u7701\u81ea\u94f8\uff0c\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u5728\u94b1\u80cc\u4e0a\u52a0\u94f8\u5404\u7701\u7684\u7b80\u79f0\uff0c\u4ee5\u675c\u7edd\u4e00\u4e9b\u7701\u4efd\u5077\u5de5\u51cf\u6599\u3002
In the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang began casting coins named “Ho<\/em>ngwu Tong Bao” adopting the reign title of Hongwu. He required each province to mint their own coins with the abbreviation of the province’s abbreviation engraved on them, so as to avoid cutting corners.<\/p>\n

\u6e05\u4ee3\u65f6\uff0c\u66fe\u6709\u4e3a\u5eb7\u7199\u795d\u5bff\u800c\u94f8\u7684“\u5eb7\u7199\u901a\u5b9d”\u7f57\u6c49\u94b1\uff0c\u610f\u4e3a\u795d\u5eb7\u7199\u50cf\u7f57\u6c49\u4e00\u6837\u957f\u5bff\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5728\u94b1\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u4e0a\u4f5c\u4e86\u4e00\u70b9\u6539\u52a8\uff0c“\u7199”\u548c“\u901a”\u5b57\u6bd4\u6b63\u5e38\u6d41\u901a\u7684\u94b1\u5e01\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u5b57\u5404\u5c11\u4e00\u7ad6\u3001\u4e00\u70b9\u3002
In the Qing Dynasty, Luo Han (Buddhist Saint) mo<\/em>ney called “Kangxi Tong Bao” was cast in celebration of Emperor Kangxi’s birthday, in the hopes that Emperor would live as long as Luohan. It featured small changes on the characters engraved on the coin: one stroke missing respectively in the characters “xi” and “tong”.
\u540e\u6765\uff0c\u54b8\u4e30\u4e3a\u89e3\u51b3\u94b1\u8352\uff0c\u4eff\u524d\u4eba\u94f8\u5927\u94b1\uff0c\u5f15\u5f97\u7269\u4ef7\u98de\u6da8\uff0c\u53ea\u5f97\u505c\u94f8\u3002\u5149\u7eea\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e24\u5e7f\u603b\u7763\u5f20\u4e4b\u6d1e\u7ecf\u671d\u5ef7\u8bb8\u53ef\uff0c\u4ece\u82f1\u56fd\u8fdb\u53e3\u673a\u5668\u548c\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5728\u5e7f\u5dde\u5236\u4f5c\u94dc\u94b1\u548c\u94f6\u5143\uff0c\u94dc\u94b1\u4ecd\u53eb“\u5149\u7eea\u901a\u5b9d”\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u94b1\u80cc\u4e0a\u7528\u6ee1\u6587\u8bb0\u6709“\u5b9d\u5e7f”\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u7528\u6c49\u6587\u8bb0\u6709“\u5e93\u5e73\u4e00\u94b1”\uff0c\u8bb0\u94b1\u7684\u91cd\u91cf\u3002
In order to solve the shortage of coins, Emperor Xianfeng ordered the mints to make iron coins, and later stopped because they led to soaring of the prices. During the period of Emperor Guangxu, Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi Zhang Zhidong, with the permission of the Emperor, im<\/em>ported machines and tools from the UK to mint copper and silver coins in Guangzhou. The copper coins were still called “Guangxu Tong Bao” with Manchu character “Bao Guang” on the reverse side and Chinese characters “Ku Ping Yi Qian” which was the weight of the coin.
\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\u80dc\u5229\u540e\uff0c\u66fe\u5728\u798f\u5efa\u3001\u4e91\u5357\u94f8\u6709“\u6c11\u56fd\u901a\u5b9d”\u548c“\u798f\u5efa\u901a\u5b9d”\uff0c\u8881\u4e16\u51ef\u7a83\u53d6\u6c11\u56fd\u5927\u603b\u7edf\u540e\u4e5f\u94f8\u6709\u5e26\u98de\u9f99\u56fe\u6848\u548c\u6d2a\u5baa\u5e74\u53f7\u7684\u94dc\u5e01\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e09\u79cd\u94dc\u5e01\u90fd\u6210\u4e86\u77ed\u547d\u8d27\u5e01\u3002
After the victory of the Xinhai Revolution, “Minguo Tong Bao” and “Fujian Tong Bao” were cast in Fujian and Yunnan. When Yuan Shikai became the President of the Republic of China, he ordered the casting of copper coins with a flying dragon and his reign title “Hong Xian”. These three kinds of copper coins existed for o<\/em>nly a very short time.
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