{"id":10047,"date":"2019-11-18T11:24:57","date_gmt":"2019-11-18T11:24:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-culture\/zhou-youguang-zhou-you-guang\/"},"modified":"2019-11-18T11:24:57","modified_gmt":"2019-11-18T11:24:57","slug":"zhou-youguang-zhou-you-guang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/th\/zhou-youguang-zhou-you-guang\/","title":{"rendered":"Zhou Youguang \u5468\u6709\u5149"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u4ed6\u751f\u4e8e\u6e05\u671d\u5149\u7eea\u5e74\u95f4\uff0c\u4e00\u751f\u5f53\u4e2d\u7ecf\u5386\u4e86\u665a\u6e05\u3001\u5317\u6d0b\u3001\u56fd\u6c11\u653f\u5e9c\u548c\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\u5efa\u7acb\u56db\u4e2a\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u620f\u79f0\u4ed6\u662f“\u56db\u671d\u5143\u8001”\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u5145\u6ee1\u4f20\u5947\uff0c\u65e9\u5e74\u4e13\u653b\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u66fe\u7ecf\u7559\u5b66\u65e5\u672c\u5e76\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c50\u5c81\u624d\u534a\u8def\u51fa\u5bb6\uff0c\u8f6c\u884c\u7814\u7a76\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b57\u5b66\uff0c\u53c2\u4e0e\u8bbe\u8ba1“\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u65b9\u6848”\uff0c\u88ab\u8a89\u4e3a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u4ed6\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a“\u65b0\u6f6e\u8001\u5934”\uff0c\u867d\u5df2\u767e\u5c81\u9ad8\u9f84\uff0c\u6bcf\u5929\u8fd8\u8981\u770b\u4e66\u8bfb\u62a5\u3001\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u52e4\u4e8e\u7b14\u8015\uff0c\u559d“\u661f\u5df4\u514b”\u5496\u5561\uff0c\u770b\u300a\u7279\u6d1b\u4f9d\u300b\u5927\u7247\uff0c\u65f6\u5c1a\u4e0d\u843d\u5f53\u4ee3\u9752\u5e74\u3002\u4ed6\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5468\u6709\u5149\u3002
He was born in the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty. He experienced the four period of the late Qing Dynasty, Beiyang Government, Republic of China and the People’s Republic of China. Some people played joke on him by saying that he was “senior officials of four dynasties.” His life is full of legend. In his early year, he studied economics. He studied in Japan and worked in the United States. When he was 50 years old, he changed his job to study language and literature. He participated in the design of “Chinese pinyin plan” and was ho<\/em>nored as one of the initiators of Chinese pinyin. He is called “fashio<\/em>nable old man.” Though he is more than 100 years old, he reads newspapers and book, and writes every day. He drinks Starbucks and sees Hollywood blockbusters such as Troy. He is no less fashio<\/em>nable than young people. He is Zhou Youguang.
\u534a\u8def\u51fa\u5bb6\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6
Switching His Job as a Linguist
1906\u5e741\u670813\u65e5\uff0c\u5468\u6709\u5149\u51fa\u751f\u4e8e\u6c5f\u82cf\u7701\u5e38\u5dde\u9752\u679c\u5802\u5510\u6c0f\u516b\u5b85\u4e4b\u4e00\u7684\u793c\u548c\u5802\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5468\u6709\u5149\uff0c\u9752\u679c\u5df7\u8fd8\u51fa\u53e6\u59162\u4f4d\u4e2d\u56fd\u81f4\u529b\u4e8e\u6587\u5b57\u6539\u9769\u7684\u8457\u540d\u5b66\u8005\uff1a\u8d75\u5143\u4efb\u548c\u77bf\u79cb\u767d\u3002
Zhou Youguang was born to Lihe Tang, one of the eight major houses of the Tangs in Qingguo Lane, Changzhou City of Jiangsu Province on January 13, 1906. Besides Zhou Youguang, another two famous scholars who were committed to reform of writing system of Zhao Yuanren and Qu Qiubai were also from Qingguo Lane.
1923\u5e74\uff0c\u5468\u6709\u5149\u4e2d\u5b66\u6bd5\u4e1a\uff0c\u6210\u7ee9\u4f18\u5f02\uff0c\u8003\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e0a\u6d77\u5723\u7ea6\u7ff0\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u4e3b\u4fee\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\uff0c\u4f46\u5bf9\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u7684\u7231\u597d\u8ba9\u4ed6\u9009\u4fee\u4e86\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u3002\u4ed6\u8fdb\u7684\u662f\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u4e00\u8fdb\u5927\u5b66\uff0c\u5c31\u7528\u82f1\u6587\u6253\u5b57\u673a\uff0c\u7528\u8d77\u6765\u975e\u5e38\u65b9\u4fbf\uff0c\u800c\u4e2d\u6587\u5219\u53ea\u80fd\u7528\u6bdb\u7b14\u5199\u3002\u5f7c\u65f6\uff0c\u5468\u6709\u5149\u5bf9\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u6d53\u539a\u5174\u8da3\u3002
In 1923, Zhou Youguang graduated from middle school and was enrolled by the Saint John’s University of Shanghai, majoring in economics. He also loves linguistics and chose linguistics as an elective course. Since he studied in the Anglican university, and he could use typewriters, which was very convenient. But he had to write Chinese characters with brush pens. At that time, Zhou Youguang became interested in linguistics.
1925\u5e74\uff0c\u5468\u6709\u5149\u56e0“\u4e94\u5345\u60e8\u6848”\u79bb\u6821\uff0c\u6539\u5165\u7531\u7231\u56fd\u5e08\u751f\u521b\u529e\u7684\u5149\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u7ee7\u7eed\u5b66\u4e60\uff0c1927\u5e74\u6bd5\u4e1a\u30021927\u5e74\u81f31948\u5e74\uff0c\u5468\u6709\u5149\u4efb\u6559\u4e8e\u5149\u534e\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u6c5f\u82cf\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u3001\u6d59\u6c5f\u6559\u80b2\u5b66\u9662\u7b49\u6821\uff1b\u4efb\u804c\u4e8e\u6c5f\u82cf\u94f6\u884c\u548c\u65b0\u534e\u94f6\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u94f6\u884c\u6d3e\u9a7b\u7f8e\u56fd\u7ebd\u7ea6\u3002
In 1925, Zhou Youguang left the university because of the May 30th Massacre and co<\/em>ntinued his studies in Kwang Hua University established by patriotic teachers and students. He graduated in 1927. From 1927 to 1948, he taught in Kwang Hua University, Jiangsu Education College, Zhejiang Education College. Later, he worked in Jiangsu Bank and Sin Hua Bank, and was sent to work in New York of the United States.
\u5468\u6709\u5149\u5728\u7f8e\u56fd\u5de5\u4f5c\u548c\u5b66\u4e60\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u6709\u5e78\u9762\u89c1\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u5386\u5728\u4eca\u5929\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u5bcc\u6709\u4f20\u5947\u8272\u5f69\u3002\u5468\u6709\u5149\u8bf4\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u670b\u53cb\u4ecb\u7ecd\uff0c\u4ed6\u6709\u5e78\u8ddf\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u804a\u8fc7\u4e24\u6b21\uff0c“\u5f53\u7136\u90fd\u662f\u804a\u4e00\u4e9b\u666e\u901a\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6df1\u5165\u8c08\u4e00\u4e9b\u8bdd\u9898\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u7231\u56e0\u65af\u5766\u5341\u5206\u968f\u4fbf\uff0c\u5e73\u65f6\u7a7f\u8863\u670d\u4e0d\u8bb2\u7a76\uff0c\u7ed9\u6211\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u975e\u5e38\u597d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f83\u4f83\u800c\u8c08\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u4efb\u4f55\u67b6\u5b50\u3002”
During his work and study in the United States, Zhou Youguang had the ho<\/em>nor of meeting Einstein. Talking a<\/em>bout the experience today, he think it was quite legendary. Zhou Youguang noted that thanks to his friends’ introduction, he had the ho<\/em>nor of talking with Einstein twice. “Of course, we just talk a<\/em>bout some common issues because we have different professions. We didn’t have in-dept discussion. Einstein was slipshod in wearing clothes. I had very good impression on him. We talked very freely. He was easy of approach.”
1949\u5e74\uff0c\u5468\u6709\u5149\u5728\u5efa\u56fd\u524d\u591c\u56de\u56fd\uff0c\u5148\u540e\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u590d\u65e6\u5927\u5b66\u7ecf\u6d4e\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u3001\u4e0a\u6d77\u8d22\u653f\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u9662\u4f5c\u6559\u6388\u3002\u65f6\u4efb\u590d\u65e6\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u957f\u7684\u9648\u671b\u9053\uff0c\u5bf9\u5468\u6709\u5149\u5173\u4e8e\u62c9\u4e01\u5316\u65b0\u6587\u5b57\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u548c\u89c1\u8bc6\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u5174\u8da3\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4ed6\u628a\u76f8\u5173\u6587\u7ae0\u6536\u96c6\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u57281952\u5e74\u51fa\u4e86\u4e00\u672c\u5c0f\u4e66\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u62fc\u97f3\u6587\u5b57\u7814\u7a76\u300b\u3002
In 1949, Zhou Youguang returned to China on the eve of the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Later, he worked as a professor in School of Eco<\/em>nomics of Fudan University and Shanghai College of Finance and Economics. Chen Wangdao, then president of Fudan University was very interested in Zhou Youguang’s articles and knowledge of Latinizing Chinese and suggested him proposed him to collected related articles. In 1952, Zhou Youguang publicized a book Research on China’s Pinyin-ba<\/em>sed Written Language.
1955\u5e74\uff0c\u4e2d\u592e\u53ec\u5f00\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5b57\u6539\u9769\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4ece\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u627e\u6709\u5173\u7684\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u5468\u6709\u5149\u4e5f\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\u3002\u4f1a\u8bae\u7ed3\u675f\u540e\uff0c\u5468\u6709\u5149\u51c6\u5907\u56de\u53bb\u7ee7\u7eed\u4efb\u6559\uff0c\u4f46\u5374\u63a5\u5230\u8981\u6c42\u8c03\u5f80\u5317\u4eac\u53c2\u52a0\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b57\u6539\u9769\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5c31\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u754c\u5c11\u4e86\u4e00\u4f4d\u91d1\u878d\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u800c\u56fd\u5bb6\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b57\u6539\u9769\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u591a\u4e86\u4e00\u4f4d\u59d4\u5458\u3001\u4e00\u4f4d\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002
In 1955, the Central Government held a co<\/em>nference on the reform of China’s written language. Related people natio<\/em>nwide participated in the conference, including Zhou Youguang. After the conference, Zhou Youguang co<\/em>ntinued his teaching and later he was instructed to go to Beijing to participate in the work of reforming written language. Thus, China lost a financial expert in the eco<\/em>nomic circle, but the State Commission for Language Reform had a new commission and a linguist.
\u5bf9\u4e8e\u6539\u884c\u4ece\u4e8b\u8bed\u8a00\u6587\u5b57\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5468\u6709\u5149\u8bf4\uff1a“\u6211\u7684\u6539\u884c\u662f\u5076\u7136\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u8fc7\u6211\u662f\u65e2\u6765\u4e4b\u5219\u5b89\u4e4b\u3002\u65e2\u7136\u6539\u884c\u4e86\u5c31\u8981\u8ba4\u771f\u505a\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4efb\u52a1\u5f88\u7e41\u91cd\uff0c\u6211\u5c31\u628a\u6240\u6709\u80fd\u591f\u5229\u7528\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u90fd\u62ff\u6765\u8865\u5145\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002\u56e0\u4e3a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5916\u884c\u53ef\u4ee5\u9a6c\u9a6c\u864e\u864e\uff0c\u4f46\u771f\u6b63\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u5458\u4f60\u5c31\u51b3\u4e0d\u80fd\u9a6c\u9a6c\u864e\u864e\uff0c\u4ee5\u524d\u770b\u8fc7\u7684\u540d\u8457\u6211\u8981\u91cd\u65b0\u7ec6\u8bfb\u3002\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u6211\u7684\u786e\u5f88\u7528\u529f\u3002”
Talking a<\/em>bout changing his job to language study, Zhou Youguang noted, “It was accidental that I changed my job. But I am co<\/em>nsent with my new job. Since I began my job in the new area, I need to work earnestly. At that time, I had a lot of work to do and I used all my spare time to increase my knowledge. As an outsider, you can be not so careful. But you become a professional, you should be careful all the time. I carefully reread all the classical novels which I had read before. I worked very hard at that time.”
1956\u5e74\uff0c\u56fd\u52a1\u9662\u6b63\u5f0f\u516c\u5e03\u300a\u6c49\u5b57\u7b80\u5316\u65b9\u6848\u300b\u548c\u300a\u5173\u4e8e\u63a8\u5e7f\u666e\u901a\u8bdd\u7684\u6307\u793a\u300b\uff1b1958\u5e742\u6708\uff0c\u5168\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u4ee3\u8868\u5927\u4f1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e86\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u65b9\u6848\u51b3\u8bae\uff0c\u540c\u5e74\u79cb\u5b63\u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u300a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u65b9\u6848\u300b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5c0f\u5b66\u751f\u5fc5\u4fee\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u8fdb\u5165\u5168\u56fd\u5c0f\u5b66\u7684\u8bfe\u5802\u3002\u540c\u6837\u662f1956\u5e74\u79cb\uff0c\u5e94\u5317\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u738b\u529b\u6559\u6388\u4e4b\u9080\uff0c\u5468\u6709\u5149\u5f00\u8bb2“\u6c49\u5b57\u6539\u9769”\u8bfe\u7a0b\u3002\u6839\u636e\u8bb2\u7a3f\u6574\u7406\u6210\u7684\u300a\u6c49\u5b57\u6539\u9769\u6982\u8bba\u300b1961\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\uff0c1964\u5e74\u518d\u7248\uff0c1979\u5e74\u51fa\u7b2c\u4e09\u7248\uff0c1978\u5e74\u51fa\u9999\u6e2f\u7248\uff0c1985\u5e74\u5728\u65e5\u672c\u63a8\u51fa\u65e5\u6587\u7ffb\u8bd1\u7248\u3002
In 1956, the State Council announced the Plan of Simplifying Chinese Characters and the Instruction of Promoting the Mandarin; in February 1958, the Natio<\/em>nal People’s Co<\/em>ngress approved the resolution of Chinese pinyin. From autumn that year, the Chinese pinyin is taught in primary schools as the required course. In autumn 1956, Zhou Youguang initiated the curriculum of “Chinese Character Reform” invited by Professor Wang Li of Peking University. The book Summary of Chinese Character Reform, which was compiled according to his lectures, was published in 1961. It was reprinted in 1964 and 1979. In 1978, the book was published in Hong Kong. In 1985, book was translated into Japanese and published in Japan.
\u62fc\u97f3\u65b9\u6848\u6c9f\u901a\u4e2d\u5916\u6587\u5316
Pinyin Plan Communicating Chinese and Foreign Cultures
1979\u5e744\u6708\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5728\u534e\u6c99\u53ec\u5f00\u6587\u732e\u6280\u672f\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u5468\u6709\u5149\u5728\u4f1a\u4e0a\u4ee3\u8868\u4e2d\u534e\u4eba\u6c11\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u53d1\u8a00\uff0c\u63d0\u8bae\u91c7\u7528“\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u65b9\u6848”\u4f5c\u4e3a\u62fc\u5199\u6c49\u8bed\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\uff0c1982\u5e74\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\u5316\u7ec4\u7ec7\u901a\u8fc7\u56fd\u9645\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u8ba4\u5b9a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u65b9\u6848\u4e3a\u62fc\u5199\u6c49\u8bed\u7684\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\uff08ISO7098\uff09\u3002“ISO\u901a\u8fc7\u5168\u4e16\u754c\u6295\u7968\uff0c\u4f7f\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u65b9\u6848\u6210\u4e3a\u56fd\u9645\u6807\u51c6\u3002\u4ece\u4e2d\u56fd\u6807\u51c6\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u8fc7\u53bb\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u3002\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8981\u8fd9\u4e48\u505a\u5462\uff1f\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u8981\u548c\u5916\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u6c9f\u901a\u4ea4\u6d41\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u5f97\u5230\u4e16\u754c\u8ba4\u540c\u3002”
In April 1979, the Internatio<\/em>nal Organization for Standardization held a meeting in Warsaw. Zhou Youguang spoke at the meeting on behalf of the People’s Republic of China, proposing the “Chinese pinyin plan” to be the internatio<\/em>nal standard of writing Chinese in an alphabetic way. In 1982, the Internatio<\/em>nal Organization of Standardization voted for Chinese pinyin as the internatio<\/em>nal standard of alphabetic Chinese (ISO7098). “Through the worldwide vote, the Chinese pinyin became an internatio<\/em>nal standard. It was the first time that a Chinese standard became the world standard. But why should we do this? To communicate with the world cultures, the Chinese culture should be recognized by the world.”
1998\u5e74\uff0c\u300a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u65b9\u6848\u300b\u516c\u5e0340\u5468\u5e74\uff0c\u7f8e\u56fd\u56fd\u4f1a\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u51b3\u5b9a\u4ece\u8fd9\u4e00\u5e74\u8d77\uff0c\u628a\u5168\u90e870\u518c\u4e2d\u6587\u56fe\u4e66\u7684\u76ee\u5f55\u7531\u65e7\u62fc\u6cd5\u6539\u4e3a\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u3002\u8fd9\u5957\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u51fa\u53f0\uff0c\u4f7f\u534e\u590f5000\u5e74\u7684\u6c49\u5b57\u8bed\u8a00\u4ece\u6b64\u6709\u4e86\u6807\u51c6\u3001\u89c4\u8303\u7684\u8bfb\u97f3\u3002
On the 40th anniversary of the announcement of Chinese Pinyin Plan in 1998, the Library of Co<\/em>ngress of the United States decided to upgrade the co<\/em>ntents of all the 70 Chinese books from old alphabetic order into pinyin. After the Chinese pinyin plan was released, the Chinese characters with a history of 5,000 years hence have norms and standardized pronunciations.
\u5728\u5468\u6709\u5149\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u6587\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u4e0e\u5386\u53f2\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u5173\u3002“\u79e6\u5e76\u516d\u56fd\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u4e66\u540c\u6587\uff0c\u6781\u5927\u5730\u63a8\u52a8\u4e86\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u6587\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002\u8f9b\u4ea5\u9769\u547d\uff0c\u5e1d\u56fd\u53d8\u4e3a\u6c11\u56fd\uff0c\u63d0\u5021\u56fd\u8bed\uff0c\u7edf\u4e00\u6c49\u5b57\u8bfb\u97f3\uff0c\u5236\u5b9a\u6ce8\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd\uff0c\u6587\u8a00\u6539\u4e3a\u767d\u8bdd\u30021949\u5e74\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u4e2d\u56fd\uff0c\u63a8\u884c\u666e\u901a\u8bdd\uff0c\u5b9e\u884c\u6c49\u5b57\u7b80\u5316\uff0c\u5236\u8ba2\u6c49\u8bed\u62fc\u97f3\u65b9\u6848\u3002\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u603b\u4f1a\u5f15\u8d77\u4e2d\u56fd\u8bed\u6587\u7684\u6f14\u53d8\u3002”
To Zhou Youguang, the evolution of the Chinese language is closely related to history. After the Qin Kingdom unified China through co<\/em>nquering the six other kingdoms, it unified Chinese language, greatly promoting the development of the language; after the revolution o f1911, the empire was changed into the Republic of China and efforts were made to encourage the state language, unify Chinese pronunciations, formulate pho<\/em>netic notations and change the classical Chinese into vernacular Chinese. After new China was established in 1949, we promote mandarin, simplified Chinese characters and formulated Chinese pinyin plan. The evolution of Chinese history will surely lead to evolution of the Chinese language.”
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