{"id":12379,"date":"2019-11-20T03:33:08","date_gmt":"2019-11-20T03:33:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-culture\/jingdezhen-porcelain-handicraft-skills-jing-de-zhen-shou-gong-zhi-ci-ji-yi\/"},"modified":"2019-11-20T03:33:08","modified_gmt":"2019-11-20T03:33:08","slug":"jingdezhen-porcelain-handicraft-skills-jing-de-zhen-shou-gong-zhi-ci-ji-yi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/th\/jingdezhen-porcelain-handicraft-skills-jing-de-zhen-shou-gong-zhi-ci-ji-yi\/","title":{"rendered":"Jingdezhen Porcelain Handicraft Skills \u666f\u5fb7\u9547\u624b\u5de5\u5236\u74f7\u6280\u827a"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u65f6\u95f42006\u5e74
Time: 2006
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Category: Traditio<\/em>nal Handicraft Skills
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Region: Jiangxi Province
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Ref. No.: VIII-7
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Nominating unit[s]: Jingdezhen City, Jiangxi Province
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Among the first 24 famous historic and cultural cities in China, Jingdezhen is the o<\/em>nly one that wins the ho<\/em>nor for its specialty products. Archaeological excavation shows that Jingdezhen porcelain manufacturing started in the period of the Five Dynasties, witnessed rapid development in Song and Yuan dynasties and became the natio<\/em>nal porcelain manufacturing center after a royal factory was set up in Zhushan.
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The major procedures of forming in Jingdezhen porcelain handicraft skills were primarily established in Song Dynasty. Labor division within this industry was increasingly intensified and porcelain bodies were manufactured mainly through the following skills: throwing, hand-pressing, fine trimming, undercutting, dipping and shaking, etc. Then the porcelain is loaded and fired by upward firing in a saggar, upside down firing on a saggar or a support ring. In Yuan Dynasty, the skill of "two element ba<\/em>sed formula", which co<\/em>nsisted of porcelain sto<\/em>nes and kaolin, and the skill of under-glaze decoration for blue and white were developed. Jingdezhen porcelain industry was further developed in Ming and Qing dynasties, as shown in a record saying that "a piece of petuntse can not be made into porcelain until it has gone through seventy-two procedures, which does not cover all the manufacturing details however." The system of porcelain handicraft skills was basically complete at that time. All of the procedures, such as mineral collecting, elutriation, zhiden, pugging, ageing, throwing, fine trimming, printing, glazing, firing in kiln, drawing patterns, firing in furnace, porcelain selection and packaging were arranged in an orderly sequence. Professio<\/em>nal level was increasingly improved and there were talented handicraftsmen with superior skills in every segment of the industry. Jingdezhen porcelain manufacturing came to a climax in history.
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The co<\/em>nvention of Jingdezhen porcelain industry is a significant part of Jingdezhen porcelain manufacturing history. In Song Dynasty, a flourishing scene of "porcelain is fired in every household of every village" appeared in Jingdezhen and porcelain industry co<\/em>nvention was basically established. After Ming and Qing dynasties, the industry was boosted by the establishment of a royal factory in Zhushan and further expansion of overseas market. Almost all small kiln workshops in rural areas were moved to be co<\/em>ncentrated in the town area. Many handicraft factories sprang up like mushrooms and engaged a number of practitioners, as shown in a record saying that "kiln owners or porcelain shop owners account for 70% to 80% of the town inhabitants and aborigines for 20% to 30%."
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Jingdezhen thus became a porcelain metropolis that was called "a place wher all kinds of people live" and "the dock for eighteen provinces". The prosperity laid a solid foundation for the formation of porcelain industry convention.
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During the period of the Republic of China, the co<\/em>nvention was mainly reflected in the increasing number of guesting porcelain traders as well as porcelain companies, stores and firms. Every commercial group had its own porcelain company, store or firm. These groups strengthened the tie between Jingdezhen and the outside world and also manipulated the transport and sales of Jingdezhen porcelain. Accompanying customs of different regions also enriched the co<\/em>nnotation of Jingdezhen porcelain industry convention.
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After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, with political and eco<\/em>nomic changes as well as the deepening of the mechanization of porcelain manufacturing, the Jingdezhen porcelain industry co<\/em>nvention is losing its influence and at the edge of dying out. While part of traditio<\/em>nal Jingdezhen porcelain handicraft skills is kept and developed, most of them are being lost and dying out. The skills are in urgent need for saving and protection.
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Inheritor(s):
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Chen Shengfa, Cao Kaiyong, and Wang Yansheng
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