{"id":3519,"date":"2019-11-19T09:44:51","date_gmt":"2019-11-19T09:44:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-culture\/longtangs-in-shanghai-shang-hai-nong-tang\/"},"modified":"2019-11-19T09:44:51","modified_gmt":"2019-11-19T09:44:51","slug":"longtangs-in-shanghai-shang-hai-nong-tang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/vi\/longtangs-in-shanghai-shang-hai-nong-tang\/","title":{"rendered":"Longtangs in Shanghai \u4e0a\u6d77\u5f04\u5802"},"content":{"rendered":"
Lo<\/em>ngtang (lòng táng \u5f04\u5802) is the local term used by Shanghai (shàng h\u01cei \u4e0a\u6d77) people for Lilong (l\u01d0 lòng \u91cc\u5f04). As "long" means a lane and "tang" means an im<\/em>portant building or the front room of a house, "longtang" either means a lane that co<\/em>nnects houses or a group of houses co<\/em>nnected by lanes. According to elucidation, "longtang" might not so explicit as "Lilong"is, for the "Li" in "lilong" means neighbourhood, and people living in a lo<\/em>ngtang are actually living in a neighbourhood , but it is understandable.<\/p>\n

In longtangs, besides hawkings of snack there were hawkings of vegetable, fruit, bean curd, melon and egg, even live chicken and duck. o<\/em>nce or twice in a week, there would be hawking or rendering services, such as repairing shoes, mending coir ropes stretched on wooden bed f<\/em>rames or flicking of cotton quilt to make it fluffy. Every sort of trades would have their own melodic tune in hawking, people could identify them without stepping out to see. Apart from them, there were fortune-tellers and those begged for alms. Sometimes, in the still of the night.<\/p>\n

There were shrill hawkings of selling fried ginkgo or selling tin foils for the use of burning to the dead, occasio<\/em>nally there even were melancholy howlings for calling back the soul of a sick child. The houses in 1ongtangs, generally two storied, are proximately attached to each other in rows, sharing the same front and back lanes. People living along the same lane had the habit of nodding or greeting each other when passing by, some even had the mood to chat a little while. o<\/em>nce a hawking was heard, housewives of the same interest would come out, they commented and exchanged opinions on the quality of the goods and bargained or help their neighbour to bargain with the peddler, some of them also took this opportunity to gossip and exchange heresays of the neighbourhood forgetting what they intended to buy, The advantages of the lo<\/em>ngtang life lie in the good neighbourhood relationship, "good neighbours are more helpful than far away relatives"(yu\u01cen q\u012bn bù rú jìn lín \u8fdc\u4eb2\u4e0d\u5982\u8fd1\u90bb) proved to be true in Shanghai.<\/p>\n

For most of the Shanghai people at that time actually came from other places or cities. However the shortcoming was, as cited by Lu Xun (l\u01d4 xùn \u9c81\u8fc5) in ditto essay,"…… for those who make a living on writing, if they fail in training themselves to be as calm as an ancient well, owing to the noise outside. They can write nothing." Moreover, in large lo<\/em>ngtangs different sorts of people and people with different interest mixed together, frequent co<\/em>ntacts occasio<\/em>nally wou1d result in trouble and disputes. Shanghai people are often co<\/em>nsidered to be o<\/em>nes who are keen on co<\/em>nducting business. smooth in social co<\/em>ntact and good in dealing with money. This probably due to the fact that many people of this city lived in such a delicate society of langtang since their childhood and co<\/em>nsistently receiving education of handling relatio<\/em>nship among different people.<\/p>\n

Lo<\/em>ngtang and the lo<\/em>ngtang houses were native products of Shanghai soon after the city was forced to be opened to the West as a treaty port. At the beginning. Chinese were not allowed to live in the foreign concessions. Later on the British found that relying on the small sum of Western residents at that time would not be able to tap the big potentiality of Shanghai becoming a metropolis.<\/p>\n

At the same time, incessant civil wars in China made a large number of wealthy Chinese refugees request to move into the foreign concessions. Then the authorities agreed to have them opened to the Chinese. But for the sake of management, large amount of collective dwellings were built in designate lots of land enclosed by walls. The house, similar in design as the English terrace house, but to suit the Chinese way of living are surrounded by house-walls including a courtyard at front. They were arranged in line like barracks, row after row and could easily be accessed by sub-lanes co<\/em>nnected to the main-lane, while o<\/em>nly the main-lane could lead to the city road outside through an iron grille gate. Nobody had the idea at that time that such a type of housing built at first for the co<\/em>nvenience of management, had later became the main and typical type of housing in Shanghai, and finally turned to be the most active and im<\/em>portant part of real estate business which had been the leading business of all of Shanghai’s eco<\/em>nomic activities for the following decades of years.<\/p>\n

Large numbers of lo<\/em>ngtangs were built not o<\/em>nly in the foreign co<\/em>ncessions but also in the Chinese quarter around the concessions, their tota1 appearance made up the general physiognomy of the city of Shanghai, During the 1940s, out of 4.1894 millions of population in Shanghai. except those very rich (accounting 5% ) and those very poor (a<\/em>bout one million), the majority of population. Nearly three millions, including white–collar Western and Chinese residents, lived in various types of longtangs. Even now although many of them are demolished when one stands high up looking over from above, what he can see are waves of the roof of lo<\/em>ngtang one after the other.<\/p>\n

Architecture, especially residential architecture, is the mirror of social life. In old Shanghai those who could live in a lo<\/em>ngtang house could o<\/em>nly be people with fixed income. They had to be able to pay the mo<\/em>nthly rent and tax for the house, in this case called the police tax. In the foreign concession, if one falled in payment, he must move out right away. Since the society was divided into different strata. the lo<\/em>ngtang houses were also classified into high, medium and low. Different ranks of lo<\/em>ngtang houses were indeed different in co<\/em>nstruction quality. but more ever were different in location, The lo<\/em>ngtang houses in Zhabei and Nanshi Districts were the lowest in rank, while those in Ho<\/em>ngkou District were better, but those located along Bubbling well Road (Now Nanjing Road West \u5357\u4eac\u897f\u8def) and Avenue Joffre (now Huihai Road \u6dee\u6d77\u8def)were the highest. There used to be what so called the “Upper Corner”(shàng zh\u012b ji\u01ceo \u4e0a\u53ea\u89d2) and the "Lower Corner"(xià zh\u012b ji\u01ceo \u4e0b\u53ea\u89d2) – of Shanghai, the "Upper" was referred to the best of location denoted above. and the "Lower" to the lower and lowest rank of location,<\/p>\n

The rent of houses in the two "Corners" could differ as much as to four or more than ten times. At the early stage, even the Chinese commercial buildings. such as banks, shops or the im<\/em>port and export firms managed by traders from Guangdong (gu\u01ceng d\u014dng \u5e7f\u4e1c) and Ningbo (níng b\u014d \u5b81\u6ce2) also took the form of lo<\/em>ngtang but on a larger scale. They usually had three or five front rooms on both first and second floors with a courtyard in the middle and back rooms behind. While the lower floor was for business, the upper floor for living, the back rooms in the first floor used as dormitories for employees and the courtyard a makeshift storage. It was up to the 1930s, improvement of business systems and many new buildings for office use were huilt then this sort of lo<\/em>ngtang gradually turned into residential use.<\/p>\n

In those high-class longtang. o<\/em>nly a few children could be found playing around, and even fewer people passing by. Occasio<\/em>nally two or three maid servants or cooks chatting in low voices by one side, or the gate of One house opened and a host bidding farewells to his guests, those who were passing eco<\/em>nomic activities for the following decades of years. Large numbers of lo<\/em>ngtangs were built not o<\/em>nly in the foreign co<\/em>ncessions but also in the Chinese quarter around the co<\/em>ncessions ,their tota1 appearance made up the general physiognomy of the city of Shanghai, During the 1940s, out of 4.1894 millions of population in Shanghai. except those very rich (accounting 59b ) and those very poor (a<\/em>bout one million), the majority of population. nearly three millions, including white–collar Western and Chinese residents, lived in various types of longtangs.<\/p>\n

The diference of ranks of lo<\/em>ngtang could also be reflected in the life-style and culture in them. If you enter a lo<\/em>ngtang you will find urinals, snack stalls, flies flying in hordes, children fighting in groups, fierce turbulences and sharp curses. What a disorderly small world!" This was what Lu Xun wrote in his essay, "Children in Shanghai"(shàng h\u01cei ér tóng \u4e0a\u6d77\u513f\u7ae5) to depict a lo<\/em>ngtang of the lowest class. Residents of such sort of lo<\/em>ngtang , in order to lessen the burden of ‘ rents or to earn some extra money, usually lot out their surplus rooms to others and became an "ni vang dong" (literary a second 1and1ord–a sublessors). Some even divided their houses into many small rooms, or bui1t attics above and had them let to people who came to Shanghai to make a living or to take refuge. Thus the lo<\/em>ngtang became very crowded, bad in living co<\/em>ndition and frequent disputes occurred. A satirical play entitled "72 Tenants"(q\u012b shí èr ji\u0101 fáng kè \u4e03\u5341\u4e8c\u5bb6\u623f\u5ba2) did give a vivid des<\/em>cription of this sort of longtong. ln lo<\/em>ngtangs of the middle and middle-lower classes, there were a1so some "er fang dong" and "san fang ke" (s\u0101n fáng kè, \u4e09\u623f\u5ba2, those who rented their rooms from the sublessor), but the ‘er fang dong" here would choose their tenants. It is interesting to note that many progressive literary men from interior China at that time lived in the "tingzijian"(tíng z\u01d0 ji\u0101n \u4ead\u5b50\u95f4), a small back room ill a lo<\/em>ngtang house, which is old in the winter and hot in the summer.<\/p>\n

This evolved the so called "Tingzijian Literature"(tíng z\u01d0 ji\u0101n wén xué \u4ead\u5b50\u95f4\u6587\u5b66) in the history of modern literature of China. "Tlngzijian Literature" is not anything that depicted tingzijian. But a term referred to a category of progressive literature written by some young writers who could o<\/em>nly afford to live and work in the tough co<\/em>ndition of a tingzijian but looked at the world with a new and realistic view. People nowadays when criticise the indifference of human relatio<\/em>nship would like to talk a<\/em>bout the good neighbourhood relatio<\/em>nship of the past lo<\/em>ngtang as a universal model. In fact it was o<\/em>nly partially true, for it seemed the higher the class of the longtang, the colder the relatio<\/em>nship among residents. In those high-class longtang. o<\/em>nly a few children could be found playing around, and even fewer people passing by. occasio<\/em>nally two or three maid servants or cooks chatting in low voices by one side, or the gate of One house opened and a host bidding farewells to his guests, those who were passing by might cast a glance but tried not to pay attention.<\/p>\n

In some large lo<\/em>ngtangs there inhabited nearly a hundreds or hundreds of households, they were like cities in a city. Within them there were groceries, snack shops. barbershops, hot water sellers, tai1ors and even small industries, "Lo<\/em>ngtang factory"(lòng táng g\u014dng ch\u01ceng \u5f04\u5802\u5de5\u5382) was one special feature of Shanghai. The owners of these factories were mostly’ technical workers themselves, through the help of three or four apprentices, by careful design and fine workmanship, they could produce some very good and useful utensils and articles for daily use out from scraps cast away by the big factories. Their production had o<\/em>nce played an im<\/em>portant role in the small goods market in Shanghai. The present No. 8 Steel Works of Shanghai was actually set up on the basis of several lo<\/em>ngtang factories after 1949.<\/p>\n

The "lo<\/em>ngtang mansion"(lòng táng g\u014dng gu\u01cen \u5f04\u5802\u516c\u9986) was another special feature of Shanghai. In old Shanghai wher public order was not good, Robbery, kidnap seemed not uncommon, thus some of the wealthy men were afraid to show their wealth, they did not like to build their mansion along the street, but built a lo<\/em>ngtang in front to co<\/em>nceal their mansion. The mansion usually was big in size, beautifully decorated inside but the outward appearance was made similar to the other houses. Such peculiarity seemed very different from the West as well as from people in interior China.<\/p>\n

Lo<\/em>ngtang was a product of Shanghai and belo<\/em>ngs to the Shanghai people. It tells the story of Shanghai and reflects the culture, life-style and philosophy of Shanghai people, There were many types of lo<\/em>ntang houses, and every one was a part of the whole. Reading the Shanghai lo<\/em>ntangs is like reading the social history of Shanghai and the Shanghai people.<\/p>\n

In the recent years, Shanghai has been completing a floor area of l0 million square meters of new housing per year,but there are still 45% of the city popu1ation living in longtangs. As the city is now undergoing a large-scale reco<\/em>nstruction , those lo<\/em>ngtangs of comparative good quality will be co<\/em>nserved and equipped with modern amenities, those of very poor co<\/em>ndition will be demolished and those in between will be reformed in different ways, such as preserving their appearance and at the same time making them suitable to modern living. In this period of great development and drastic change, it is meaningful and im<\/em>portant to recall and discuss the relations between the Shanghai longtang. Shanghai people and Shanghai culture.<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f04\u5802<\/p>\n

     “\u858f\u7c73\u674f\u4ec1\u83b2\u5fc3\u7ca5\uff01”
     “\u73ab\u7470\u767d\u7cd6\u4f26\u6559\u7cd5\uff01”
     “\u867e\u8089\u9984\u9968\u9762\uff01”
     “\u4e94\u9999\u8336\u53f6\u86cb\uff01”
      \u8fd9\u662f\u9c81\u8fc5\u5148\u751f\u5728\u300a\u5f04\u5802\u751f\u610f\u53e4\u4eca\u8c08\u300b\u4e2d\u6000\u5ff520\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ed6\u521d\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\u65f6\u95f8\u5317\u4e00\u5e26\u5f04\u5802\u5185\u5916\u53eb\u5356\u96f6\u98df\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u90a3\u4e9b\u53e3\u53f7\u65e2\u6f02\u4eae\u53c8\u5177\u827a\u672f\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba“\u4e00\u542c\u5230\u5c31\u6709\u8c17\u6d8e\u6b32\u6ef4\u4e4b\u6168”\u3002<\/p>\n

     “\u5f04\u5802”\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u5bf9\u91cc\u5f04\u7684\u4fd7\u79f0\uff0c“\u91cc\u5f04\u623f\u5b50”\u5c31\u662f\u5f04\u5802\u5efa\u7b51\u3002\u5728\u5f04\u5802\u91cc\u9664\u4e86\u6709\u53eb\u5356\u96f6\u98df\u70b9\u5fc3\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u53eb\u5356\u9752\u83dc\u3001\u8c46\u8150\u3001\u74dc\u83dc\u3001\u9e21\u86cb\u7684\uff0c\u65f6\u800c\u8fd8\u6709\u6d3b\u9e21\u6d3b\u9e2d\uff1b\u6bcf\u9694\u51e0\u5929\u8fd8\u6709\u628a\u670d\u52a1\u9001\u4e0a\u95e8\u7684\u4fee\u7406\u68d5\u68da\u3001\u8865\u76ae\u978b\u4e0e\u5f39\u68c9\u82b1\u80ce\u4e4b\u7c7b\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u5404\u884c\u4e1a\u6709\u5404\u81ea\u7684\u547c\u5524\u58f0\u8c03\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u4e00\u542c\u4fbf\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u884c\u4e1a\u7684\u4eba\u6765\u4e86\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u6709\u7b97\u547d\u7684\u3001\u5316\u7f18\u7684\uff1b\u665a\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f53\u591c\u6df1\u4eba\u9759\u65f6\u8fd8\u6709\u58f0\u8c03\u51c4\u51c9\u7684\u5356\u7092\u767d\u679c\u4e0e\u5356\u957f\u952d\u7684\uff0c\u66f4\u6709\u4f7f\u4eba\u6bdb\u9aa8\u609a\u7136\u7684\u4e3a\u5bb6\u4e2d\u75c5\u5b69\u62db\u9b42\u7684\u957f\u568e\u58f0\u3002\u7531\u4e8e\u5f04\u5802\u623f\u5b50\u5bb6\u5bb6\u6237\u6237\u7d27\u6328\u7740\uff0c\u5171\u540c\u5206\u4eab\u5c4b\u524d\u5c4b\u540e\u7684\u5f04\u5802\uff0c\u5e73\u65f6\u51fa\u5165\u7167\u9762\u65f6\u5e38\u4f1a\u6253\u4e2a\u62db\u547c\u6216\u5bd2\u6684\u51e0\u53e5\u3002\u4e00\u6709\u53eb\u5356\u58f0\uff0c\u62b1\u6709\u5171\u540c\u5174\u8da3\u7684\u4e3b\u5987\u5c31\u4f1a\u5e94\u58f0\u800c \u51fa\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5bf9\u8d27\u8272\u8bc4\u5934\u8bba\u8db3\u3001\u8ba8\u4ef7\u8fd8\u4ef7\u3001\u4ea4\u6d41\u89c2\u70b9\u4e4b\u58f0\u4e0d\u7edd\u3002\u66f4\u6709\u501f\u6b64\u673a\u4f1a\u4ea4\u5934\u63a5\u8033\uff0c\u4ea4\u6362\u4e1c\u5bb6\u6216\u897f\u5bb6\u7684\u6700\u65b0\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u628a\u672c\u6765\u8981\u5356\u4e1c\u897f\u7684\u539f\u610f\u4e5f\u5fd8\u6389\u4e86\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5bcc\u4e8e\u90bb\u91cc\u611f\uff0c\u90bb\u5c45\u76f8\u4e92\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u4eb2\u5982\u4e00\u5bb6\u7279\u522b\u662f\u6240\u8c13\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u5176\u5b9e\u591a\u4e3a\u5916\u6765\u4eba\uff0c“\u8fdc\u4eb2\u4e0d\u5982\u8fd1\u90bb”\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u6700\u80fd\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u7f3a\u70b9\u662f\uff0c“\u5bf9\u4e8e\u9760\u7b14\u58a8\u4e3a\u751f\u7684\u4eba\u4eec\uff0c\u5374\u6709\u4e00\u70b9\u5bb3\u5904\uff0c\u5047\u5982\u4f60\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u7ec3\u5230‘\u5fc3\u5982\u53e4\u4e95’\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u95f9\u5f97\u6574\u5929\u6574\u591c\u5199\u4e0d\u51fa\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e1c\u897f\u6765”\uff08\u9c81\u8fc5\uff0c\u540c\u4e0a\u6587\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u5927\u578b\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u91cc\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u9c7c\u9f99\u6df7\u6742\u3001\u4eba\u5404\u6709\u5fd7\uff0c\u63a5\u8fd1\u4e86\u5c31\u96be\u514d\u4f1a\u751f\u662f\u975e\uff0c\u4e00\u4e0d\u5c0f\u5fc3\u5c31\u4f1a\u60f9\u51fa\u5404\u79cd\u5404\u6837\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u98ce\u6ce2\u6765\u3002\u4eba\u4eec\u5e38\u8bf4\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u5584\u4e8e\u5904\u4e16\u3001\u95e8\u69db\u7cbe\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0e\u4ece\u5c0f\u5c31\u5904\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5fae\u5999\u7684\u5c0f\u793e\u4f1a\u91cc\uff0c\u63a5\u53d7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5c0f\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u6559\u80b2\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u5f04\u5802\u4e0e\u5f04\u5802\u623f\u5b50\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f00\u57e0\u540e\u7684\u571f\u4ea7\u3002\u8d77\u521d\u82f1\u56fd\u4eba\u53ea\u8bb8\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\u5728\u79df\u754c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e0d\u540c\u610f\u5c45\u4f4f\u3002\u540e\u6765\u53d1\u73b0\u8981\u53d1\u6325\u4e0a\u6d77\u53ef\u80fd\u6210\u4e3a\u90fd\u5e02\u7684\u6f5c\u529b\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u9760\u90a3\u4e9b\u4e3a\u6570\u4e0d\u591a\u7684\u5916\u4fa8\uff081865\u5e74\u5728\u6cd5\u79df\u754c\u7684\u5916\u4fa8\u4e3a460\u4eba\uff0c\u82f1\u79df\u754c\u53ef\u80fd\u591a\u4e00\u4e9b\uff09\u662f\u4e0d\u884c\u7684\u3002\u90a3\u65f6\u6070\u9022\u592a\u5e73\u5929\u56fd\u8fd0\u52a8\u8fdb\u5165\u6c5f\u5357\uff081853\u5e74\uff09\uff0c\u5927\u91cf\u5bcc\u6709\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4ea7\u9636\u7ea7\u7684\u4e2d\u56fd\u96be\u6c11\u8981\u6c42\u79fb\u5165\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u79df\u754c\u5f53\u5c40\u987a\u6c34\u63a8\u821f\uff0c\u516c\u5f00\u5411\u4e2d\u56fd\u5c45\u6c11\u5f00\u653e\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fbf\u4e8e\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u4fbf\u5728\u6307\u5b9a\u7684\u5730\u5757\u4e0a\u5174\u5efa\u5927\u6279\u96c6\u4f53\u4f4f\u5b85\u3002\u623f\u5b50\u4e3a\u7acb\u5e16\u5f0f\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u50cf\u5175\u8425\u4e00\u6837\u8054\u7acb\u6210\u884c\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u884c\u5217\u7ec4\u6210\u7f51\u7edc\uff0c\u5bf9\u5185\u4ea4\u901a\u81ea\u5982\uff0c\u5bf9\u5916\u53ea\u6709\u603b\u5f04\u624d\u80fd\u5230\u8fbe\u9a6c\u8def\uff0c\u5f04\u53e3\u8bbe\u94c1\u95e8\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u968f\u65f6\u542f\u95ed\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u5230\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u539f\u672c\u59cb\u4e8e\u65b9\u4fbf\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u96c6\u4f53\u4f4f\u5b85\u5f88\u5feb\u4fbf\u53d1\u5c55\u6210\u4e3a\u7efc\u5408\u6709\u4e1c\u897f\u65b9\u5c45\u4f4f\u7279\u8272\u7684\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f04\u5802\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u51e0\u5341\u5e74\u4e2d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e0a\u6d77\u7ecf\u6d4e\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\u6700\u6d3b\u8dc3\u4e0e\u89c4\u6a21\u6700\u5927\u7684\u623f\u5730\u4ea7\u4e1a\u7684\u4e2d\u575a\u3002\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u5efa\u9020\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u623f\u5b50\u4e0d\u4ec5\u79df\u754c\u6709\uff0c\u534e\u754c\u4ea6\u6709\u3002\u81f3\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u4e0e\u5404\u7c7b\u578b \u7684\u7279\u8272\uff0c\u8fd9\u91cc\u5c31\u4e0d\u8d58\u8ff0\u4e86\uff0c\u4f46\u4ece\u89e3\u653e\u524d\u4e0a\u6d77418.94\u4e07\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u6765\u770b\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u5c11\u6570\u7684\u5916\u4fa8\u80de\u4e0e\u4e2d\u56fd\u5bcc\u4eba\uff08\u7ea6\u53605%\uff09\u4f4f\u7684\u82b1\u56ed\u4f4f\u5b85\uff0c\u4e0e100\u4f59\u4e07\u8d2b\u6c11\u4f4f\u5728\u57ce\u5e02\u8fb9\u6cbf\u7528\u8349\u3001\u7af9\u3001\u82a6\u82c7\u642d\u6210\u7684\u68da\u5c4b\u4e4b\u5916\uff0c\u7edd\u5927\u591a\u6570\u5c45\u6c11\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4e2d\u56fd\u4e0e\u5916\u4fa8\u7684\u767d\u9886\u9636\u5c42\u5747\u4f4f\u5728\u5404\u5f0f\u5f04\u5802\u4e2d\uff0c\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u8fbe\u4e24\u5343\u4f59\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u3002\u65e0\u602a\u53ea\u8981\u5c45\u9ad8\u4e34\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c3d\u76ee\u6240\u53ca\u662f\u4e00\u7247\u7247\u6809\u6bd4\u9cde\u6b21\u3001 \u6b64\u8d77\u5f7c\u4f0f\u3001\u50cf\u6ce2\u6d6a\u4f3c\u7684\u5404\u5f0f\u5f04\u5802\u7684\u5c4b\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u5efa\u7b51\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u955c\u5b50\uff0c\u5c45\u4f4f\u5efa\u7b51\u5c24\u5176\u8fd9\u6837\u3002\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u80fd\u4f4f\u5f97\u4e0a\u5f04\u5802\u7684\uff0c\u81f3\u5c11\u4e5f\u5f97\u662f\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u6536\u5165\u8005\uff0c\u5426\u5219\u65e0\u6cd5\u4ea4\u4ed8\u6bcf\u6708\u5230\u671f\u5fc5\u987b\u7f34\u7eb3\u7684\u623f\u79df\u4e0e\u623f\u6350\uff08\u6216\u79f0\u5de1\u6355\u6350\u3001\u7eff\u8863\u6350\uff09\u3002\u5728\u65e7\u4e0a\u6d77\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ea4\u623f\u94bf\u5c31\u8981\u8fc1\u51fa\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u5929\u7ecf\u5730\u4e49\u7684\u4e8b\u3002 \u65e2\u7136\u793e\u4f1a\u662f\u5206\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\uff0c\u5f04\u5802\u4e5f\u6709\u9ad8\u3001\u4e2d\u3001\u4f4e\u4e4b\u5206\u3002\u4e0d\u540c\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u623f\u5b50\u5728\u8d28\u91cf\u4e0a\u867d\u6709\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u4f46\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\u5730\u6bb5\u3002\u4e00\u822c\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u4f4d\u4e8e\u95f8\u5317\u3001\u5357\u5e02\u7684\u8f83\u5dee\uff0c\u8679\u53e3\u7a0d\u5fae\u597d\u4e9b\uff0c\u9759\u5b89\u5bfa\u8def\uff08\u4eca\u5357\u4eac\u897f\u8def\uff09\u4e0e\u971e\u98de\u8def\uff08\u4eca\u6dee\u6d77\u8def\uff09\u4e00\u5e26\u6700\u597d\u3002\u6545\u4e0a\u6d77\u6709“\u4e0a\u53ea\u89d2”\u3001“\u4e0b\u53ea\u89d2”\u4e4b\u79f0\u8c13\uff0c“\u4e0a\u53ea\u89d2”\u6307\u57ce\u5e02\u897f\u533a\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u4f4f\u5b85\uff0c\u4e24“\u89d2”\u7684\u623f\u79df\u53ef\u4ee5\u5dee\u4e09\u56db\u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002\u5357\u4eac\u8def\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5730\u6bb5\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u65f6\u66fe\u56e0\u5176\u5546\u4e1a\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u800c\u5174\u65fa\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u6700\u65e9\u7684“\u5546\u4f4f\u697c”\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\u65e0\u8bba\u662f\u5e7f\u90a6\u6216\u5b81\u90a6\u7684“\u5b57\u53f7”\uff08\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u884c\uff09\u5747\u96c6\u4e2d\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u623f\u5b50\u5e38\u4e3a“\u4e09\u4e0a\u4e09\u4e0b”\u6216“\u4e94\u4e0a\u4e94\u4e0b”\uff0c\u5f00\u95f4\u8f83\u5927\uff0c\u524d\u5e97\u540e\u5c4b\u6216\u4e0b\u5e97\u4e0a\u5c4b\uff0c\u524d\u9762\u7684\u5929\u4e95\u53ef\u4f5c\u4e34\u65f6\u8d27\u6808\u4e4b\u7528\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u8fd8\u6709\u53ef\u4f9b\u804c\u5de5\u5c45\u4f4f\u7684“\u540e\u697c”\u300230\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u968f\u7740\u8fdb\u51fa\u53e3\u4e1a\u4f53\u5236\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u4e0e\u65b0\u578b\u529e\u516c\u697c\u7684\u5174\u5efa\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5f04\u5802\u9010\u6e10\u6ca6\u4e3a\u5c45\u4f4f\u6761\u4ef6\u8f83\u5dee\u4e4b\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n

       \u5f04\u5802\u7684\u7ea7\u522b\u8fd8\u53cd\u6620\u5728\u5f04\u5802\u91cc\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u3002“\u5018\u82e5\u8d70\u8fdb\u4f4f\u5bb6\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u91cc\u53bb\uff0c\u5c31\u770b\u89c1\u4fbf\u6eba\u5668\u3001\u5403\u98df\u62c5\uff0c\u82cd\u8747\u6210\u7fa4\u7684\u5728\u98de\uff0c\u5b69\u5b50\u6210\u961f\u7684\u5728\u95f9\uff0c\u6709\u5267\u70c8\u7684\u6363\u4e71\uff0c\u6709\u53d1\u8fbe\u7684\u9a82\u8a48\uff0c\u771f\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e71\u54c4\u54c4\u7684\u5c0f\u4e16\u754c\u3002”\uff08\u300a\u4e0a\u6d77\u513f\u7ae5\u300b\uff09\u8fd9\u65e0\u7591\u662f\u9c81\u8fc5\u5148\u751f\u5bf9\u4f4e\u7ea7\u5f04\u5802\u7684\u5199\u7167\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u91cc\uff0c\u5c45\u6c11\u4e3a\u4e86\u51cf\u8f7b\u623f\u79df\u8d1f\u62c5\u6216\u5e72\u8106\u60f3\u901a\u8fc7\u623f\u5b50\u6765\u8d5a\u94b1\uff0c\u603b\u662f\u628a\u591a\u4f59\u7684\u623f\u95f4\u5206\u79df\u51fa\u53bb\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u5f53\u8d77“\u4e8c\u623f\u4e1c”\u6765\u3002\u4e5f\u6709\u7d22\u6027\u628a\u623f\u5b50\u6a2a\u4e03\u7ad6\u516b\u5730\u5212\u5206\u4e3a\u5c0f\u95f4\uff0c\u4e0a\u9762\u8fd8\u8981\u642d\u4e0a\u9601\u697c\uff0c\u51fa\u79df\u7ed9\u5916\u5730\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\u6765\u8c0b\u751f\u6216\u9003\u96be\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u56e0\u800c\u8fd9\u91cc\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u9ad8\u3001\u6210\u4efd\u6742\u3001\u5c45\u4f4f\u6761\u4ef6\u6076\u52a3\u3001\u662f\u975e\u591a\u3002\u8bbd\u523a\u5267\u300a\u4e03\u5341\u4e8c\u5bb6\u623f\u5ba2\u300b\u5c31\u51fa\u4e8e\u6b64\u3002\u53e6\u5916\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4e4b\u521d\u8c08\u53ca\u7684\u90bb\u91cc\u611f\u7279\u5f3a\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u53ef\u80fd\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e2d\u7ea7\u6216\u4f4e\u7ea7\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u4e5f\u6709“\u4e8c\u623f\u4e1c”\u548c“\u4e09\u623f\u5ba2”\uff0c\u4f46\u623f\u4e1c\u5bf9\u623f\u5ba2\u662f\u6709\u6240\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u3002\u6709\u8da3\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8bb8\u591a\u4e3a\u4e86\u9003\u907f\u5185\u5730\u767d\u8272\u6050\u6016\u800c\u8eb2\u5230\u4e0a\u6d77\u6765\u7684\u8fdb\u6b65\u6587\u4eba\u5927\u591a\u843d\u811a\u5728\u6b64\u7c7b\u5f04\u5802\u4e2d\u7684\u4ead\u5b50\u95f4\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u51fa\u73b0\u4e86\u6211\u56fd\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6587\u5b66\u53f2\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5c0f\u6d3e\u522b“\u4ead\u5b50\u95f4\u6587\u5b66”\u3002“\u4ead\u5b50\u95f4\u6587\u5b66”\u5e76\u975e\u63cf\u5199\u4ead\u5b50\u95f4\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4f4f\u5728\u671d\u5317\u7684\u3001\u770b\u4e0d\u5230\u9633\u5149\u7684\u3001\u4e1c\u51b7\u590f\u70ed\u7684\u4ead\u5b50\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u6587\u4eba\uff0c\u5728\u82db\u523b\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u5199\u51fa\u6765\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u8fdb\u6b65\u6587\u5b66\u3002
  
      \u4eca\u5929\u5f53\u4eba\u4eec\u6000\u5ff5\u90bb\u91cc\u611f\u65f6\uff0c\u5e38\u5e38\u4f1a\u628a\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u540c\u90bb\u91cc\u611f\u6346\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u5176\u5b9e\u5e76\u4e0d\u5c3d\u7136\u3002\u770b\u6765\u8d8a\u662f\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u5f04\u5802\uff0c\u5176\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u4e5f\u5c31\u8d8a\u662f\u6de1\u6f20\u3002\u5728\u90a3\u4e9b\u5bc2\u9759\u800c\u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5f04\u5802\u91cc\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u6709\u4e09\u4e94\u4e2a\u7537\u5b69\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u73a9\u800d\u5916\uff0c\u5f88\u5c11\u6709\u4eba\u5728\u6b64\u505c\u6b65\u3002\u5076\u5c14\u6709\u4e09\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u805a\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\u4f4e\u58f0\u8c08\u8bdd\u5219\u5927\u591a\u4e3a\u67d0\u5bb6\u7684“\u5a18\u59e8”\uff08\u4fdd\u59c6\uff09\u6216“\u5927\u5e08\u5085”\uff08\u53a8\u5e08\uff09\u3002\u5047\u5982\u54ea\u80fd\u4e00\u6247\u95e8\u5ffd\u7136\u5f00\u4e86\u5728\u8fce\u5bbe\u6216\u9001\u5ba2\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u6709\u4e9b\u4e0d\u5bfb\u5e38\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4eec\u4e5f\u53ea\u662f\u88c5\u6210\u6f2b\u4e0d\u7ecf\u5fc3\u5730\u9065\u671b\u7740\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u53bb\u56f4\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u6709\u4e9b\u5927\u578b\u7684\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u6570\u767e\u6237\u751a\u81f3\u6210\u5343\u6237\u7684\u5f04\u5802\uff0c\u4fe8\u7136\u5c31\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u57ce\u4e2d\u4e4b\u57ce\u3002\u91cc\u9762\u6709\u6742\u8d27\u5e97\u3001\u5c0f\u5403\u5e97\u3001\u7406\u53d1\u5e97\u3001\u88c1\u7f1d\u5e97\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8fd8\u6709\u5de5\u5382\u3002\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684“\u5f04\u5802\u5de5\u5382”\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e0e\u6587\u5316\u7684\u4e00\u5927\u7279\u8272\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5382\u957f\u5927\u591a\u4e3a\u6280\u672f\u5de5\u4eba\u51fa\u8eab\uff0c\u5e26\u7740\u51e0\u4e2a\u5f92\u5f1f\uff0c\u8fd0\u7528\u5927\u5382\u6254\u4e0b\u7684\u8fb9\u811a\u6599\u6216\u4e0b\u811a\u8d27\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u56e0\u6750\u65bd\u7528\uff0c\u7cbe\u5fc3\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u5236\u4f5c\u3002\u7adf\u9020\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u4eba\u4eec\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5c0f\u5546\u54c1\u5e02\u573a\u4e2d\u5360\u7740\u91cd\u8981\u5e2d\u4f4d\u3002\u89e3\u653e\u540e\u7684\u4e0a\u94a2\u516b\u5382\u4fbf\u662f\u4ee5\u51e0\u4e2a“\u5f04\u5802\u5de5\u5382”\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u53d1\u5c55\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u3002
 
      \u4e0a\u6d77\u5f04\u5802\u8fd8\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u4ea7\uff0c\u5c31\u662f“\u5f04\u5802\u516c\u9986”\u3002\u8fc7\u53bb\u5728\u9c7c\u9f99\u6df7\u6742\u3001\u5c14\u865e\u6211\u8bc8\u7684\u65e7\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e2d\uff0c \u4eba\u4eec\u5fc5\u987b\u5b66\u4f1a\u4e00\u5957\u81ea\u6211\u4fdd\u62a4\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c“\u5f04\u5802\u516c\u9986”\u5c31\u662f\u5176\u4e00\u3002\u5f53\u65f6\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5bcc\u4eba\u5728\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5efa\u9020\u5927\u516c\u9986\u65f6\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u5802\u800c\u7687\u4e4b\u628a\u516c\u9986\u5efa\u5728\u5927\u8857\u4e0a\u800c\u662f\u5148\u5728\u57fa\u5730\u6cbf\u9a6c\u8def\u4e00\u5e26\u5efa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f04\u5802\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u51fa\u79df\uff1b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u516c\u9986\u5219\u5efa\u5728\u5f04\u5802\u672b\u7aef\uff0c\u9690\u853d\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u9986\u89c4\u6a21\u4e0d\u5c0f\uff0c\u5185\u90e8\u8003\u7a76\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5916\u578b\u4e0a\u5374\u540c\u5468\u56f4\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u623f\u5b50\u5dee\u4e0d\u591a\u3002\u8fd9\u8bf4\u660e\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u5728\u4f4f\u623f\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u662f\u540c\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u4e0e\u5185\u5730\u5bcc\u7ec5\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u5f04\u5802\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u7279\u4ea7\uff0c\u662f\u5c5e\u4e8e\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u7684\u3002\u5b83\u8bb0\u8f7d\u4e86\u4e0a\u6d77\u7684\u6545\u4e8b\uff0c\u53cd\u6620\u4e86\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u7684\u6587\u5316\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u65b9\u5f0f\u4e0e\u5fc3\u6001\u3002\u4e0a\u6d77\u6709\u5404\u5f0f\u5f04\u5802\u623f\u5b50\uff0c\u6bcf\u79cd\u662f\u4e0a\u6d77\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u9605\u8bfb\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f04\u5802\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u9605\u8bfb\u4e0a\u6d77\u4e0e\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n

      \u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u4e0a\u6d77\u8fd1\u51e0\u5e74\u7684\u4f4f\u5b85\u5efa\u8bbe\u5e74\u8fbe1000\u4f59\u4e07\u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\uff0c\u4f46\u5c1a\u670945%\u5de6\u53f3\u7684\u4eba\u4f4f\u5728\u65e7\u793e\u4f1a\u9057\u7559\u4e0b\u6765\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u4e2d\u3002\u5f53\u4eca\uff0c\u5728\u4e0a\u6d77\u6b63\u5728\u8fdb\u884c\u7740\u7684\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u7684\u57ce\u5e02\u6539\u9020\u4e2d\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u8d28\u91cf\u8f83\u4f73\u7684\u5f04\u5802\u5c06\u4e88\u4fdd\u7559\u6216\u5728\u4fdd\u7559\u4e2d\u8fdb\u884c\u6539\u9020\uff0c\u6709\u4e9b\u5371\u623f\u7b80\u5c4b\u6216\u5c45\u4f4f\u6761\u4ef6\u6076\u52a3\u7684\u5c06\u4e88\u62c6\u9664\u6539\u9020\u3002\u5728\u6b64\u5927\u53d1\u5c55\u4e0e\u5927\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u65f6\u523b\uff0c\u68c0\u8ba8\u4e00\u4e0b\u4e0a\u6d77\u5f04\u5802\u540c\u4e0a\u6d77\u4eba\u4e0e\u4e0a\u6d77\u6587\u5316\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u662f\u5f88\u6709\u610f\u601d\u7684\u3002
<\/div>\n