{"id":6092,"date":"2019-11-16T20:39:15","date_gmt":"2019-11-16T20:39:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/chinese-culture\/yangge-yang-ge\/"},"modified":"2019-11-16T20:39:15","modified_gmt":"2019-11-16T20:39:15","slug":"yangge-yang-ge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/chinesemoment.com\/vi\/yangge-yang-ge\/","title":{"rendered":"Yangge\u79e7\u6b4c"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Time: 2006
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Category: Folk Dance
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Regions: Hebei Province, Liao<\/em>ning Province, Shandong Province, and Shaanxi Province
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Ref. No.: \u2162-2
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Yangge is the general name of a widespread and representative group-ba<\/em>sed folk dance in China (mainly in North China). It is known by different names and has different styles in various places. There are two main types of Yangge: “gaoqiao yangge (stilt yangge)”, which is performed on stilts, and “Ground Yangge”, performed without stilts. The “Yangge” we know in modern times mainly refers to the “Ground Yangge”. Yangge has a long history. It was recorded as “Cuntianle” in Memories of Wulin by Zhou Mi of the Southern Song Dynasty when introducing folk dance troupes. The relatio<\/em>nship between what we call Yangge today and the “Cuntianle” in the Song Dynasty is recorded in Miscellaneous Odes to New Year by Wu Xilin of the Qing Dynasty. Today, Yangge is mainly performed by Yangge troupes, with each troupe co<\/em>nsisting of dozens or even over 100 members, in the form of group dances, duo dances or trio dances, etc., and if required by the roles, performers may dance with the accompaniment of wind and percussion instruments like gongs, drums and sona, holding props like handkerchiefs, umbrellas, bars, drums or copper cash whips. Yangge in different places varies in terms of its steps, movements and styles. No matter mighty or gentle, the styles or movements are all fantastic and entertaining.
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As one of the most representative folk dances in North China, Yangge is either practiced as part of a performance or individually and is highly popular among the people. Representative Yangge artists have been emerging in different places, and many of them have made im<\/em>portant co<\/em>ntributions to the co<\/em>nstruction of dance in modern China. Today, as the cultural enviro<\/em>nment changes with the rapid development of the rural economy, few folk artists exist who can master the traditio<\/em>nal techniques and authentic styles of Yangge. Hence co<\/em>nservation and inheritance efforts for Yangge are urgently required.
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Yangge•Changli District Yangge
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Nominating unit[s]: Changli County, Hebei Province
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As one of the most representative folk dances in Hebei Province, Changli District Yangge is distributed in Changli, Lulong, Funing, Laoting and Luanxian of Hebei. It has been passed down even since its beginnings in the Yuan Dynasty.
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Changli District Yangge is characteristic from form to content. In terms of form, it is divided into Street Yangge and Court Yangge; as for content, except for “Plain Yangge”, which has no fixed plots, most of Changli District Yangge belo<\/em>ngs to “Yangge Chuzi” (Yangge with fixed plots). Roles of Changli District Yangge include “Niu” (girl), “Chou” (Joker), and “Gongzi” (young gentleman), etc., each of which has its unique features. At the beginning, all roles of the Changli District Yangge were played by men. The characters, structure and costumes of Changli District Yangge have been influenced by Mo<\/em>ngolian culture. For instance, the “tassel hat” worn by “Chou” was developed from Mo<\/em>ngolian costumes. Closely related to local folk songs, dances and mini-plays, Changli District Yangge is vivid in form, rich in co<\/em>ntent and distinctive in its roles and characters; it can deeply express the perso<\/em>nalities and emotions of the characters and exquisitely express the intention of the movements. Famous mini-plays of Changli District Yangge include Catching Butterflies, Sawing the Water Vat, Wang Erxiao Driving the Do<\/em>nkey for Transportation, Silly Zhuzi Meeting his Wife, and Driving the Donkey, etc. The dancing of Changli District Yangge emphasizes the coordination of different parts of the body and flexible movements of the shoulders, hips, knees and wrists for humorous presentation. Different schools like the Zhou School represented by famous folk artist Zhou Guobao, the Zhang School represented by Zhang Qiang and the Lu School represented by Lu Fengchun, etc., are all well-known for their respective charm. After the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, Driving the Donkey, a representative work of Changli District Yangge, participated in the World Youth Festival and won the silver award. In 1996, Changli County was named the “Town of Chinese Folk Arts” by the Ministry of Culture.
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Changli District Yangge boasts vivid characteristics which embody the interesting scenes of the life of farmers and reflect some features of rural society and rural life as well as the optimistic lifestyle of the farmers. However, due to the rapid development of society and the eco<\/em>nomy as well as the aging of artists, the survival and inheritance of Changli District Yangge is in jeopardy. Efforts to rescue and co<\/em>nserve Changli District Yangge are urgently required.
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Yangge•Guzi Yangge
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Nominating unit[s]: Shanghe County, Shandong Province
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Popularized in the Shanghe area in the North Shandong Plain of Shandong Province, Guzi Yangge is one of the three kinds of Yangge in Shandong. Guzi Yangge originated in the Northern Song Dynasty, matured in the Ming Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty. According to well-known local artists, in the Northern Song Dynasty, Shanghe suffered a series of natural disasters which impacted the region for several years; Bao Zheng arrived in Shanghe from Henan to organize disaster relieves, and sent his subordinates to teach Guzi Yangge to the local people. Subsequently, people began performing Yangge on the Spring Festival to show their appreciation to Bao Zheng. This custom has been passed down to the present day
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Shanghe’s citizens, old or young, can all perform Guzi Yangge. Over 800 villages in 21 townships of the county are capable of organizing Yangge troupes. A Yangge troupe has five roles: Santou, Guzi, Bangchui, Lahua and Choujue, each of them has unique performing styles and charm. The existing Guzi Yangge is divided into two parts: “Xingcheng” and “Paochang”. “Xingcheng” is the dance of the troupe during the procession or before entry into the site; “Paochang” is the main part of the performance, which is further divided into the “Civil Performance” and the “Martial Performance” according to different performance roles. The Guzi Yangge performance has over 100 formation, including “Niubi Qian”, “Gouxin Mei”, “One Street and Two Doors”, “Everything Going Well”, “Four Inside and Eight Outside”, “Eight Streets” and “Four-door Formation”, etc.. “Santou” features streamlined movements, “Guzi” features bold and unco<\/em>nstrained movements, “Bangchui” features agile movements and “Lahua” features open-handed movements. All the roles feature common movements such as trembling, drawing circles, crouching, dashing and jumping, etc.
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Guzi Yangge features groups of dancers, strict organization, complete form, graceful postures, great momentum, profound historical and cultural connotations, strong flavor of the times as well as bright local characteristics. Since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, Guzi Yangge has frequently participated in natio<\/em>nal folk arts competitions and won a number of awards. In 1996, Shanghe County was given the title “Town of Chinese Folk Arts” by the Ministry of Culture. Guzi Yangge has high aesthetic and research value, and its inheritance and development has enriched the cultural life of the people and promoted Chinese culture.
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Yangge•Jiaozhou Yangge
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Nominating unit[s]: Jiaozhou City, Shandong Province
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As one of the three kinds of Yangge in Shandong, Jiaozhou Yangge is also called the “Ground Yangge”, “Performing Yangge”, “Qiao yangge”, “Twisting the Waist to the Most” and “Three Turns”, etc. It is popular in the area around Xiaotun Village in the east of Jiaozhou City of Shandong Province. Jiaozhou Yangge originated in the Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. The Yangge Lyrics by Song Guanwei of the Qing Dynasty notes that the dancing postures, roles, costumes and props, etc. of Jiaozhou Yangge then were basically the same as those of today.
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Jiaozhou Yangge has roles including the Plaster Man, Cui Hua, Shan Nu (The Lady with a Fan), Xiao Man, Bangchui and Guzi, etc. and basic movements like “Three Steps of Cui Hua”, “Putting aside the Fan”, “Xiao Niu”, “Bang Hua” and “Eight Postures of Chougu”, etc., performing processes like “Prologue”, “Paochang” and “Playlet”, Paochang processions like “Crossing Plum”, “Four-door Formation”, “Two Doors”, “Front and Back”, “The Great Swing” and “Rope End” etc., and mini-plays like Seeing off the Daughter, Three Persons of Virtue, Young Aunt, Two Grinders, etc. In Jiaozhou Yangge, female dancing features high leg-raising, light stamping, buoyant postures and walking like swinging willow, which are full of flexibility and the beauty of curves and represented by “Twisting the Waist to the Most” and “Three Turns”; “Bangchui” features free and easy movements; “Guzi” has unique movements represented by “Eight postures of Chougu”. The music of Jiaozhou Yangge co<\/em>nsists of percussion music, Sona Tune and Folk Chanson. This Yangge has grown from its original 72 mini-plays to 135 existing mini-plays. There are over 100 Yangge troupes in Jiaozhou City as of today. Since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, researchers have explored and compiled materials a<\/em>bout Jiaozhou Yangge on seven occasions. Jiaozhou Yangge is now listed as part of the teaching material of folk dances of the Han Nationality. In 1996, Xiaotun village was ho<\/em>nored with the title “Town of Chinese Folk Arts” by the Ministry of Culture.
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Jiaozhou Yangge originated in the countryside. It became active among the people and underwent transformation during the course of its development. As a square-ba<\/em>sed folk art for the crowd to participate in voluntarily and freely express themselves, it shows the healthy posture and charm of women in the countryside of the east of Jiaozhou, and has high aesthetic and artistic research value.
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Yangge•Haiyang Dayangge (Great Yangge)
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Nominating unit[s]: Haiyang City, Shandong Province
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As one of the three kinds of Yangge of Shandong, Haiyang Dayangge is the dancing portion of the civilian community fire performance. It is popular in the south section of the Shandong Peninsula and the area around Haiyang City on the coast of the Yellow Sea.
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Haiyang Dayangge is a folk art integrating singing, dancing and operatic performance. It is popular in over 10 townships of Haiyang as well as the surrounding areas. According to the Pedigree of the Zhao Family in Zhaojiazhuang, Haiyang, The 2nd generation of the ancestor (Zhao) Tong inherited command of Daso<\/em>ngwei and was anointed the title of General Wulue. In the first year of the Ho<\/em>ngxi Period, when the five generations are gathered in the family, His Majesty granted the family the Golden Stele of ‘Qi Ye Yan Xiang (Seven Branches amplify happiness)’, and generals and officials came for celebration. The Yuewusheng danced Yangge in the court, which added to the joyful atmosphere of the celebration. This record co<\/em>nfirms Haiyang Yangge’s origins in the Ming Dynasty.
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Haiyang Dayangge features rich performance co<\/em>ntent and a strict procession structure. It mainly co<\/em>nsists of three parts: the first part is the Yangge director team, which is followed by the band and the dance team. The dance team co<\/em>nsists of dozens of members which take on various roles, including the conductor—the doctor, the collective performers–Huagu, Xiao Man, Master Whip and the Duo dancers-the peddler and Cui Hua, Ge Lou and Aunt Wang, the ugly old lady and the Little Idiot, the old man and his wife, the husband and the wife, etc. The last part co<\/em>nsists of characters of the Yangge Opera or other miscellaneous roles. Common procession forms of Yangge troupes include “Two Dragons Spitting Whiskers”, “Eight Trigrams”, “Dragon Waving the Tail”, “Dragon Coiling the Tail”, “Two Dragons Twisting around the Column”, “Three Fish Striving to be No. 1”, and “Stars Twinkling around the Moon”, etc. The most distinctive feature of the dance movements of Haiyang Yangge is the combination of running and twisting; namely, the dancers twist their bodies while running, with female dancers twisting their waists, fanning fans and shaking their shoulders, all with bright and graceful movements; male dancers walk in trembling steps, shake their heads, and wave their arms, in a hearty and humorous fashion.
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Haiyang Dayangge embodies the collective wisdom and creativity of the People of Haiyang. It represents the spiritual bearing and characteristics of the people in the countryside of Haiyang and co<\/em>nstitutes an im<\/em>portant part of the regio<\/em>nal culture. Therefore, it has high aesthetic and historical value and functions as a means for enriching the people’s cultural life and building a harmo<\/em>nious society. Haiyang Dayangge has now been listed as one of the teaching materials of dances of the Han Nationality. In 1996, Haiyang City was ho<\/em>nored with the title “Town of Chinese Folk Arts” by the Ministry of Culture.
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Yangge•Shanbei Yangge
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Nominating unit[s]: Suide County, Shaanxi Province
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Shanbei Yangge is a representative and group-ba<\/em>sed traditio<\/em>nal dance popular on the Shanbei Plateau. It is also called “Dancing for Prosperity”, “Dancing Yangge” or “Dancing the Community Fire Performance”, etc. Mainly popular in Yulin, Yan’an, Suide and Mizhi of Shanxi, it has a long history, rich co<\/em>ntent and diversified forms. Suide Yangge is its most representative form.
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Suide can be called the center of Shanbei Yangge. The processes, rites and styles of the traditio<\/em>nal Yangge have been maintained well in the countryside in Suide, including “Worshiping Yangge” and “28-co<\/em>nstellation Old Yangge”, a form of Yangge practiced by ancient people to perform exorcisms. The new forms of Yangge emerging after 1942 have also been maintained. Yangge often incorporates dozens or even up to 100 dancers led by the Shantou. The dancers perform movements like twisting, swinging, walking, jumping and turning with the accompaniment of gongs, drums and Sona. The performance features a joyful atmosphere and passio<\/em>nate movements. The Yangge has absorbed artistic elements from different local performing arts like “The Boat”, “Driving the Donkey”, “gaoqiao (stilt)”, and the “Kicking Court”, etc., and forms the mighty Yangge troupes. The traditio<\/em>nal Yangge and Worshiping Yangge maintain worshiping rites like “Warming Up”, “Paying Respect to the Temple”, ”Worshiping Gods”, etc. There are also activities like “Worshiping the Door (or walking alo<\/em>ngside the door)”, “Setting Up the Colorful Door”, “Stamping around the Big Court” or “Nine Turns”, etc. A Yangge troupe often co<\/em>nsists of dozens or even over 100 members. Their performance includes “In-situ Twisting”, “Cross Walking”, “A Jump Every Three Steps”, “Inclined-body Steps” and “Steps While Shaking Shoulders”, etc. Shanbei Yangge is divided into the “Large Court” and the “Small Court”, with the Large Court featuring hundreds of formations, including “Dragon Waving the Tail”, “The Cabbage”, “Crossing Plum”, “Two Dragons Spitting Water” and “12 Lotus Lanterns”; and the Small Court including performances of “The Boat”, “Driving the Donkey”, “Stilt” and the “Master Whip”. According to its style of movements and content, it can also be classified into the “Civil Court”, the “Martial Court”, the “Kicking Court” or the “Joker Court”, etc. The “Kicking Court” is a two-person dance representing the lives of two lovers, which features difficult movements, such as “Soft Waist”, “Two-stage kicking”, “Three Steps in the Air”, “Dragon Paw Crossing the Cloud”, “Standing on One Foot” and “Overhead Kick” etc. Shanbei Yangge led the New Yangge Movement of Yan’an in 1942 and was endowed with the spirit and co<\/em>ntent of the new era. Along with the development of the revolution, it gradually spread throughout the whole nation.
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Shanbei Yangge embodies the simple, ho<\/em>nest and optimistic character of the people in Shanbei and has extraordinary historical and cultural value.
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Yangge•Fushun District Yangge
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Nominating unit[s]: Fushun City, Liao<\/em>ning Province
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Fushun District Yangge, sometimes called “Tartar Yangge”, is a folk dance with a long history, strong natio<\/em>nal characteristics, and regio<\/em>nal character. It is mainly distributed in the area around the cradle of the Manchu in Fushun, Liao<\/em>ning Province. Fushun District Yangge originated in the beginning of the Qing Dynasty has been passed down until now. It has a direct relatio<\/em>nship with the folk dance of the ancestors of the Manchu. According to historical records, there was the dance called “Tachui” in the Tang Dynasty and a dance called “Mangshi” in the Ming Dynasty, both of which had a direct influence on the formation of Fushun District Yangge.
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The most representative roles in Fushun District Yangge are the “Dazi Guan” (Tartar Official) wearing the dress of the Manchu and the “Kelitu” (commo<\/em>nly called the “Wai Dazi”, namely the External Tartar) wearing the leather jacket, string of bells as well as various necessities of life and hunting. The movements are mainly sourced from the primitive practices of the Manchu and include horse mounting, shooting arrows and battling, or imitating animals like eagles, tigers and bears. Many of the movements co<\/em>ntain other elements of dance. With diversified bold and unco<\/em>nstrained postures like crouching, stamping, crossing legs, waving and shaking, the Yangge has distinct characteristics of hunting, battling and life of the “Eight Banners”. The accompaniment adopts the percussion music of the Manchu Shaman dance, such as “The Old Three Steps”, “Seven Bars” and “Fast Drum Beats”, and is quite different from Yangge of the Han Nationality. Fushun District Yangge has been popular in Fushun since the Qing Dynasty. According to a survey in 1986, 50 Yangge troupes still exist in China; however, o<\/em>nly four of them have clear sources and lineage.
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Fushun District Yangge is a lo<\/em>ngstanding tradition among the people. Due to changes in the enviro<\/em>nment and the shrinking number of old artists, it has been difficult to carry out regular activities of Fushun District Yangge. Furthermore, its formation changes and movements have been gradually simplified. This dying art requires great efforts and support to ensure its conservation.
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Inheritor(s):
\u5468\u8d3a\u534e \u4e8e\u632f\u6c5f \u6768\u514b\u80dc \u5434\u82f1\u6c11 \u738b\u53d1\u97a0 \u6d2a\u94a7 \u674e\u589e\u6052 \u8d3a\u4fca\u4e49 \u59da\u5927\u65b0
Zhou Hehua, Yu Zhenjiang, Yang Kesheng, Wu Yingmin, Wang Faju, Hong Jun, Li Zengheng, He Junyi, and Yao Daxin
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