ဘလော့ဂ်

Sònɡ Dù Shǎofǔ zhī rèn Shǔzhōu
送杜少府之任蜀州

Zuòzhě : Wánɡ Bó （Tánɡ ）
作者：王勃（唐）

Grave-sweeping is a traditional custom in Chingming festival. Why do we visit the graves of their ancestors? Long time ago, there was a king named Liu Pang（刘邦）. When he won the war and became a king, he went back to his country with honor. Liu Pang wanted to express his respect and appreciation for his parents, so he went to his parents’ tombs to burn incense. However, he couldn’t find their tombs because of the war. Liu Pang felt very sad, but he didn’t give up. Suddenly, he got an idea. He took out a sheet of paper, tore it to many pieces, and threw it into sky. At that time, he praised, “ God, Please help me to find my parents’ tombs. Let these small pieces of paper freeze at one place. Lead me to find the tombs.” It was so strange that those small pieces of paper stop at one place. Finally Liu Pang found his parents’ tombs by following these papers. That’s why we put some pieces of color papers under small stones on the ancestors’ tombs.扫墓是清明节一项传统的活动。为什么清明要扫墓呢？有关清明节的由来：相传在秦朝末年，汉高祖刘邦和西楚霸王项羽，大战好几回合后，终于取得天下。他光荣返回故乡的时候，想要到父母亲的坟墓上去祭拜，却因为连年的战争，使得一座座的坟墓上长满杂草，墓碑东倒西歪，有的断落，有的破裂，而无法辨认碑上的文字。刘邦非常的难过，虽然部下也帮他翻遍所有的墓碑，可是直到黄昏的时候还是没找到他父母的坟墓。最後刘邦从衣袖里拿出一张纸，用手撕成许多小碎片，紧紧捏在手上，然後向上苍祷告说：“爹娘在天有灵，现在风刮得这么大，我将把这些小纸片，抛向空中，如果纸片落在一个地方，风都吹不动，就是爹娘的坟墓。”说完刘邦把纸片向空中抛，果然有一片纸片落在一座坟墓上，不论风怎么吹都吹不动，刘邦跑过去仔细瞧一瞧模糊的墓碑，果然看到他父母的名字刻在上面。刘邦高兴得不得了，马上请人重新整修父母亲的墓，而且从此以后，每年的清明节一定到父母的坟上祭拜。后来民间的百姓，也和刘邦一样每年的清明节都到祖先的坟墓祭拜，并且用小土块压几张纸片在坟上，表示这座坟墓是有人祭扫的。
Known as the Grave-sweeping or Spring Remembrance, Ching Ming ("clear and bright"), is when Chinese families show their respect by visiting the graves of their ancestors to clear away weeds, touch up gravestone inscriptions and make offerings of wine and fruit. Ancestor worship is a Chinese tradition dating back thousands of years.清明时，中国阖家前往祭拜祖先，同时把祖坟修饰一下，把杂草清除。然后准备一些牺牲、酒和水果作为对祖先的祭品。中国祭祀祖先的传统已有数千年之久。

Liu Che was was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty of China. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, was in power from 140 B.C. to AD 87. During his reign, China ushered in the flourishing age of more than 50 years.汉武帝刘彻是汉朝第7位皇帝。公元前140年至公元前87年在位。他当政期间，中国历史上出现了长达50年的盛世景象。
In the early Han Dynasty, Emperor Liu Bang appointed some people of Liu’s family to various parts of China as the dukes, hoping to remain the country in Liu’s family. Some of the dukes were very powerful; they could have armies in their jurisdiction and had the rights of collecting rents and taxes, forging cash and appointing and removing officials. Later, these dukes were so powerful that they seriously threatened the governance of the central government.汉初，刘邦分封一些同姓的子弟到全国各地做王，想借此确保刘家的天下。受封的诸侯王的权力很大，他们可以在辖区内拥有军队，征收租税，铸造钱币，任免官吏。后来诸侯王的势力过大，严重影响中央的统治。
After Emperor Wudi came into power, he allowed these dukes divide their fiefs to their offspring to establish new vassal states. This was called “Decree of Promoting Imperial Beneficence.” When one vassal state was divided into several smaller ones, the direct fief became smaller and the duke would have no power to threat the central government. Later, Emperor Wudi removed the ranks of nobility of many dukes. After long-term struggle, the threats of the vassal states to the central government disappeared and the system of centralization was strengthened.汉武帝当政后，准许诸侯王把自己的封地再分给子弟，建立诸侯国，这就是“推恩令”，一个王国分出许多小侯国，直属的领地就小了，再没有力量对抗中央。后来，汉武帝又陆续夺去大批王、侯的爵位。这样，经过长期斗争，王国对中央的威胁终于解除了，中央集权制度得到加强。
During the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, the Confucian Dong Zhongshu further expanded the Confucianism in order to meet the demands of political centralization.汉武帝时期，儒生董仲舒为了适应中央集权政治的需要，对儒家学说进行了发挥。
First, he announced that the heaven was the master of everything and the emperor was the son of the heavy. The son of the heavy ruled the people on behalf of the heavy. Thus, all the people should be subject to the emperor’s ruling and dukes should also obey the orders of the emperor. This was known as “Great Unification.”第一，宣扬天是万物的主宰，皇帝是天的儿子，即天子，代表天统治人民。因此，全国人民都要服从皇帝的统治，诸侯王也要听命于皇帝，这叫做“大一统”。
Second, he proposed the suggestion of following only the Confucianism while banning all other thoughts. Confucianism was made the only thought in the country and all other ideologies were forbidden from spreading so as to unify ideology and consolidate political rules.第二，提出了“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”的建议。主张只提倡儒家学说，其它各家学说，都禁止传播，以实行思想上的统一，从而巩固政治上的统一。
Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu’s idea and many Confucianism in the government were promoted to be senior officials and the Confucianism gradually became the ruling ideology of the feudal society.汉武帝采纳了董仲舒的学说，汉朝政府里就有许多信奉儒家思想的人做了大官。儒家思想逐渐成为封建社会的统治思想。
Wudi's reign resulted in or the vast territorial expansion, development of a strong and centralized state resulting from his governmental re-organization, including his promotion of Confucian doctrines. In the field of historical social and cultural studies, Wudi is known for his religious innovations and patronage of the poetic and musical arts, including development of the imperial Music Bureau into a prestigious entity.汉武帝进行了大刀阔斧的改革，多有建树，其举措对后世影响深远。汉武帝开疆拓土，奠定了中国的疆域版图，将中华帝国推上了空前的高峰。该段时期被后世称为汉武盛世。