Good morning. It gives me great pleasure to address the Mexican Senate and exchange views with members of the Mexican Congress today.大家好！今天，有机会来到墨西哥参议院演讲，同各位议员交流，我感到十分荣幸。
I wish to take this opportunity to express, on behalf of the Chinese government and people, warm greetings and best wishes to members of Congress and people from all sectors of the Mexican society who have long been committed to friendship with China and to the friendly and hospitable people of Mexico.借此机会，我谨代表中国政府和人民，向在座各位议员朋友和长期致力于中墨友好的各界人士，向热情友好的墨西哥人民，致以诚挚问候和良好祝愿！
Last April, President Peńa Nieto paid an official visit to China and attended the Annual Conference of Boao Forum for Asia, on which occasion President Peńa and I reached important agreement on closer China-Mexico relations in new circumstances. At that time, President Peńa kindly invited me to visit Mexico, which I gladly accepted. I think it is important that we build on the positive momentum to boost the growth of China-Mexico relations.今年4月，培尼亚总统对中国进行正式访问并出席博鳌亚洲论坛年会，我们就新形势下加强中墨关系达成重要共识。当时，培尼亚总统热情邀请我访问墨西哥，我愉快地答应了。我的想法是，为了推动中墨关系加快发展，必须趁热打铁、乘势而上。
I visited Mexico in 2009. Today, four years later, it gives me great pleasure and a surge of warm feelings to be back in this beautiful and magnificent country.2009年，我曾访问过墨西哥。时隔4年，再次来到这个美丽多彩的国家，我感到十分高兴，也感到十分亲切。
There is a saying in China, “home away from home”. It means that a guest in a new place feels very much at home. This is exactly how I feel now in Mexico.中国有句话叫“宾至如归”，说的是客人到了一个地方，就像回到家里一样。来到墨西哥，我就有这样的感觉。
China and Mexico have a long history of interactions. On my way to Mexico, when I looked down at the vast Pacific Ocean through the window of the plane, I felt as if I saw the fleet of La Nao de China, giant ships fully loaded with silk and porcelain, braving the surging waves and moving towards Acapulco centuries ago. When I set foot on this land, I felt as if I saw the legendary Chinese Poblana, a kind-hearted and beautiful girl, teaching locals how to weave and embroider in Puebla.中墨两国有着悠久的交往历史。这次前来墨西哥途中，当我透过飞机舷窗俯瞰浩瀚的太平洋时，仿佛看见几个世纪前那些满载丝绸、瓷器的“中国之船”正向着阿卡普尔科破浪前行；当我踏上贵国的土地时，又仿佛看见那位传说中的乐善好施的美丽“中国姑娘”正在普埃布拉传授纺织、刺绣技艺。
I am visiting Mexico this time to enhance friendship, expand cooperation and jointly map out the blueprint for China-Mexico relations together with Mexican leaders.我这次访问墨西哥，目的是深化友谊、扩大合作，同贵国领导人共同规划中墨关系的发展蓝图。
Mexico is a country with a time-honored civilization. The Mayan pyramids and Aztec Sun Calendar both stand testimony to the splendor of your ancient civilization.墨西哥是个具有悠久文明历史的国家。玛雅人的金字塔，阿兹特克人的太阳历，见证着贵国古代文明的辉煌。
The fresco of Diego Rivera, the master of contemporary art, and the classic works of Octavio Paz, the towering figure in literature, both speak to the profound insight of the Mexican people about the real world and human life.当代艺术大师里维拉的壁画，文学巨匠帕斯的著作，凝聚着墨西哥人民对现实世界和人类生活的深刻感受。
Today’s Mexico enjoys rapid economic growth, greater national strength and international influence. From the UN Climate Change Conference in Cancun to the G20 Summit in Los Cabos, a dynamic Mexico has time and again captured the eyes of the world.今天的墨西哥，经济快速发展，综合国力和国际影响力不断提升。从坎昆联合国气候变化大会，到洛斯卡沃斯二十国集团领导人峰会，世界的目光一次又一次聚焦在欣欣向荣的墨西哥。
We congratulate Mexico on its achievements and wish Mexico even bigger progress in national development.我们对墨西哥的发展成就表示祝贺，衷心祝愿墨西哥国家建设事业取得更大成就！
In the long course of history, both the Chinese and Mexican people have created a splendid culture and made indelible contribution to human progress.回顾历史，中墨两国人民都创造了灿烂的文化，都为人类文明进步作出了不可磨灭的贡献。
There is a proverb in Latin America, “Condition of good friends, condition of old wine.” The friendship between China and Mexico, which has grown from one generation to another, is like a bottle of aged Tequila, brimming with ever fresh fragrance with the passage of time.拉美有句谚语：“朋友要老，好酒要陈。”中墨两国经过岁月积淀的深厚友谊，正如陈年的龙舌兰酒，历久弥香。
In the more recent history, China and Mexico have supported each other in both words and actions in seeking national liberation, upholding state sovereignty and advancing modernization.近代以来，中墨两国在争取民族解放、捍卫国家主权、建设现代化国家的奋斗中相互声援、彼此支持。
Today, China and Mexico are both moving onto a fast-track of economic and social development and embracing a promising future. There is an unprecedented opportunity for our two countries to further advance bilateral relations.现在，我们两国都进入了经济社会发展的快车道，都呈现出美好的发展前景，中墨关系正面临前所未有的重要机遇。
During my visit, I have had a very good talk with President Peńa. And just now, I met with President Anaya of the Permanent Commission and President Arroyo of the Chamber of Deputies.这次来，我同培尼亚总统举行了很好的会谈。刚才，我又会见了安纳亚主席和阿罗约众议长。
We agree that in growing China-Mexico relations, we should not only focus on bilateral cooperation, but also adopt a global vision. Therefore, President Peńa and I have decided to elevate our bilateral relationship to a comprehensive strategic partnership, to the benefit of continued growth of China-Mexico relations at a higher level, in a broader scope and on a bigger platform, and usher our relations into a new stage of development.我们一致认为，发展中墨关系既要着眼双边合作，更要面向世界。为此，我和培尼亚总统决定，将两国关系提升为全面战略伙伴关系，使中墨关系能够在更高水平、更宽领域、更大舞台上不断发展，推动两国关系进入新的发展阶段。
Category: Chinese Food
Healthy Recipes in Summer Solstice
Locus Leaf and Tuckahoe Porridge荷叶茯苓粥 Ingredients: one locus leaf; 50 grams of tuckahoe; 100 grams of polished round-grained rice or millet; proper amount of sugar. 配料：荷叶1张(鲜、干均可)，茯苓50克，粳米或小米100克，白糖适量。
Recipe: boil down the locus leaf and skim the dregs. Put the tuckahoe, washout polished round-grained rice or millet into the soup. Then boil them together into a porridge. Add some sugar before it is done.做法：先将荷叶煎汤去渣，把茯苓、洗净的粳米或小米加入药汤中，同煮为粥，出锅前将白糖入锅。
Four big “tea schools” of Chinese teahouse 中国茶馆四大“茶门”
中国人历来有上茶馆喝茶的习惯，而四大“茶门”的说法就是对那些茶馆风气最盛的城市的简称。如果现在要在中国找出茶楼文化最为丰盛的城市，那东有杭州，西有成都，南有潮汕，北有北京。类似太极茶道、老舍茶馆、圣陶沙、五福茶艺馆等等大品牌，都出自这些“茶气”极盛的城市里。There is a habit for Chinese to go to teahouse to drink tea while the saying of four big “tea schools” is the short title for cities where teahouse prevails. If one needs to find the cities where the richest teahouse culture is, there will be Hangzhou in the east, Chengdu in the west, Chaoshan in the south and Beijing in the north. The big brands such as Taiji Tea Ceremony, Lao She Teahouse, Shengtaosha and Wufu Teahouse are all from these cities where “tea flavor” prevails.
杭州的茶，喝的是精致文化。“青梁湖山供慧眼，藤索茗话契禅心”，西湖边上的青藤茶馆，已成为杭州上千家茶馆的代表。坐在西子湖畔，让身穿青灰色长袍的“太极茶道”茶师沏好一壶茶，河坊街的吆喝声与店小二手上的长嘴壶一起一落相呼应，此时此景，茶不醉人人自醉。Drinking tea in Hangzhou is to experience the exquisite culture there. “Green ridge and Lake Mountain deepen in insight, tea chatting in rattans matching a meditative mind”, Qingteng Teahouse near the West Lake has been the representative of thousands of teahouses in Hangzhou. Sitting by the West Lake, having a good pot of tea that is made from a“Taiji Tea Ceromony”, seeing a tea maker dressing in a steel gray robe, hearing the shouts from Hefang Street and seeing ups and downs of the long-necked kettle from the waiters, it is not the tea anymore that intoxicates but the surrounding that makes the drinker feel high.
成都的茶，喝的是平民文化。成都人享受生活的较真劲，比起扬州人有过之而无不及。成都人喝茶，那才叫真正的“龙门阵、大碗茶”，不讲究茶的品质，不讲究喝茶的环境。大树荫处，凉棚底下，随随便便摆上桌凳，就可以喝上茶，追求的是喝茶之外的生活状态。唯独用长嘴茶壶倒茶的技法，样式繁多，有很多个门派，“峨嵋”、“青城”等等，一直也是难分高下的。Drinking tea in Chengdu is to experience the civilian culture. The seriousness of enjoying life for Chengdu people goes farther than that of Yangzhou people. The way that Chengdu people drink tea can really be called “leisure talk and stall tea”, with no requirements on the tea quality and the environment. Drinking tea can be as easy as putting up a table and chairs under the shadow of a tree. It is the life style that they pursue. Only the technique of pouring tea by long-necked kettle has various styles and abundant schools, with “Emei” and “Qingcheng”, etc. in neck-to-neck position.
潮汕的茶，喝的是茶道文化。潮汕“功夫茶”，名扬海内外。功夫茶从选茶、泡茶功夫到茶具，都是十分考究的。用水取自山泉，榄核为炭火，用小扇煮开的水甘甜醇美，味道醇正。茶叶以乌龙、铁观音等为上乘。
Drinking tea in Chaoshan is to experience the tea ceremony culture. “kungfu tea” in Chaoshan is famous both at home and abroad, which is rather detailed process from tea selecting, tea-making technique to tea ware. The tea tastes good because they use sweet and pure water from mountain spring which is boiled by charcoal fire with olive core accompanied by small fan. The best tea leaves should be Oolong and Tie Guanyin, etc.
北京的茶，喝的是贵气文化。皇城根下，任何东西都沾染着大气，有股富贵含在里头。老舍茶馆泡了十多年的茶汤，与其他省份的茶楼相比，更显得雍容华贵。大红的灯笼挂成串，舞台上锣鼓震天响，京剧唱罢相声接台，直来直往。在这里喝茶，服务员都好为人师，说起茶文化是如数家珍：喝绿茶要用玻璃杯、喝花茶要用盖碗、喝铁观音要用功夫茶具，丝毫含糊不得。作为茶客，也乐得听一番妙趣横生的讲解。喝茶能喝出各地的文化来，手中的一杯茶，冲泡起来的都是当地的民俗民风。Drinking tea in Beijing is to experience the noble culture. At the foot of capital, everything has a touch of generous, rich and honor. The tea soup in Laoshe Teahouse which has made tea for more than decades appears to be more elegant and poised compared with the teahouses in other provinces. Red lanterns are hung in strings and the sound of gongs and drums on the stage is extremely loud. Comic dialogue is put on the stage just after Beijing opera, non-stop. Waiters are fond of teaching others here; they know tea culture just like the back of their hands: glass cup for green tea, covered bowl for scented tea and Kungfu tea ware for Tie Guanyin, those cannot be mixed up at all. Tea drinking guests are also happy to hear the witty and humorous explanations. Cultures from different places can be experienced through drinking different tea, while that cup of tea in your hand is brewed by the local folk customs.
据有关部门统计，目前全国有十二万五千多家茶馆，从业人数达到二百五十多万人，已然成为中国休闲文化产业的一支生力军。茶馆业对于各地国民经济发展和精神文化生活的丰富多彩作出了积极的贡献。According to statistics of relevant departments, there are over 125,000 teahouses nationwide at present with more than 2,500,000 employees, which have been a fresh addition to the leisure and cultural industries in China. Teahouse industry has made positive contributions to the development of national economy as well as rich and spiritual and cultural life in various regions.
Oolong tea 乌龙茶
乌龙茶是一种发酵茶类，也叫做青茶。乌龙茶的品质特点是，既具有绿茶的清香和花香，又具有红茶醇厚的滋味。基本工艺过程是晒青、晾青、播青、杀青，揉捻、干燥。乌龙茶种类因茶树品种的特异性而形成各自独特的风味，产地不同，品质差异也十分显着。Oolong tea is a semi-fermented tea, also named green tea. The quality feature of oolong tea is that it has not only the faint scent and flower fragrance of green tea, but also the mellow taste of black tea. Owing to the specificity of tea tree species, the types of Oolong tea forms their unique flavor. Its basic producing process is sun drying, air drying, selecting, fixation, rolling and baking. Differences of quality are significant due to various producing areas.
乌龙茶起源于福建，至今已有一千多年的历史，主要创制于1725年（清雍正年间）前后。据福建《安溪县志》记载：“安溪人于清雍正三年首先发明乌龙茶做法，以后传入闽北和台湾。”另据史料考证，1862年福州即设有经营乌龙茶的茶栈，1866年台湾乌龙茶开始外销。现在，乌龙茶除内销广东、福建等省外，主要出口日本、东南亚和港澳地区。Oolong tea which originates from Fujian Province has a history of over one thousand years and started to gain popularity around the year 1725 (the years of Emperor Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty). As recorded by Records of Anxi County in Fujian: “Anxi people invented the making method of Oolong tea first, which was then introduced to North Fujian and Taiwan.” Additionally, according to the historical data and textual research, tea inns which sold oolong tea had already existed in Fujian in 1862, and Oolong tea from Taiwan began to be exported in 1866. Nowadays, apart from being sold to Guangdong and Fujian, etc., Oolong tea is mainly exported to Japan, Southeast Asia, as well as Hong Kong and Macao.
乌龙茶根据其产地分，可分为：According to its producing area, oolong tea can be divided into:
1、闽北乌龙。包括武夷岩茶、水仙、大红袍、肉桂等。1. Oolong tea from North Fujian, including Wuyi Rock Tea, Narcissus, Dahongpao Tea and Cassia Tea, etc.
2、闽南乌龙。包括铁观音、奇兰、水仙、黄金桂等。2. Oolong tea from South Fujian, including Tie Guanyin, Qilan tea, narcissus and Golden Osmanthus, etc.
3、广东乌龙。包括凤凰单枞、凤凰水仙、岭头单枞等。3. Oolong tea from Guangdong, including Fenghuang Dancong Oolong Tea, Fenghuang Shuixian Oolong Tea and Lingtou Dancong Tea, etc.
4、台湾乌龙。包括冻顶乌龙、包种、乌龙等。4. Taiwan oolong tea, including Dongding Oolong Tea, Pouchong and Oolong tea, etc.
Chinese Jiaozi 中国的饺子
饺子是许多中国人最喜欢的食物。包饺子，过大年也一直是中国人尤其是北方人民的习俗。饺子原名“娇耳”，流传是中国医圣张仲景首先发明的。Jiaozi is regarded by many Chinese people as the best food. Making jiaozi during Spring Festival is customary, especially for the people in northern China. Originally called jiao er, jiaozi was allegedly invented by Zhang Zhongjing, China’s medical sage.
东汉末年，各地灾害严重，很多人身患疾病。南阳有个名医叫张机，字仲景，自幼苦学医书，博采众长，成为中医学的奠基人。张仲景不仅医术高明，什么疑难杂症都能手到病除，而且医德高尚，无论穷人和富人，他都认真施治，挽救了无数的性命。张仲景在长沙为官时，常为百姓除疾医病。有一年当地瘟疫盛行，他在衙门口垒起大锅，舍药救人，深得长沙人民的爱戴。张仲景从长沙告老还乡后，走到家乡白河岸边，见很多穷苦百姓忍饥受寒，耳朵都冻烂了。他心里非常难受，决心救治他们。张仲景回到家，求医的人特别多，他忙的不可开交，但他心里总挂记着那些冻烂耳朵的穷百姓。他仿照在长沙的办法，叫弟子在南阳东关的一块空地上搭起医棚，架起大锅，在冬至那天开张，向穷人舍药治伤。张仲景的药名叫“祛寒娇耳汤”，其做法是用羊肉、辣椒和一些祛寒药材在锅里煮熬，煮好后再把这些东西捞出来切碎，用面皮包成耳朵状的“娇耳”，下锅煮熟后分给乞药的病人。每人两只娇耳，一碗汤。人们吃下祛寒汤后浑身发热，血液通畅，两耳变暖。吃了一段时间，病人的烂耳朵就好了。张仲景舍药一直持续到大年三十。大年出一，人们庆祝新年，也庆祝烂耳康复，就仿娇耳的样子做过年的食物，并在初一早上吃。人们称这种食物为“饺耳”、“饺子”或偏食，在冬至和年初一吃，以纪念张仲景开棚舍药和治愈病人的日子。In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, owing to disasters in many places, many people suffered from various diseases. There was a famous doctor named Zhang Ji, style name Zhongjing, in Nanyang. He studied medicine very diligently since childhood and later became a founder of traditional Chinese medicine. Zhang Zhongjing was skillful in medical treatment and could cure various difficult and complicated cases of illness. He also had lofty morals and earnestly treated every patient, poor or rich. As an official in Changsha, he cured many patients. One year during a plague, he distributed free medicine from a vessel in front of his government office. Changsha people respected him very much. After Zhang Zhongjing retired from his post, he came back home. Walking along the Baihe River in his hometown one day, he found many poor people suffering from cold and hunger, and they had ulcers in their ears. He felt sorry for them and decided to help. After Zhang Zhongjing returned home, many people came to him for medical treatment. He was very busy every day. But he still remembered the poor people with ulcers in their ears. He continued his practice in Changsha and asked his apprentices to build a shed as his clinic on the vacant lot in Dongguan in Nanyang. His clinic opened on Winter Solstice and his apprentices distributed medicine to the poor for free. His medicine was called “anti-chill jiao er soup.” He boiled mutton, chili and other medicines to raise inner heat in the vessel. After the materials were boiled, Zhang Zhongjing took them out and minced them. Then, he used dough slices to wrap the stuffing and made into the shape of ears. After boiling the 'ears' in water, the jiao ers were distributed to the patients. Each patient could have two jiao ers and one bowl of soup. After eating the soup, the patents would be warm, their blood circulation would be smooth and their ears would be warmer. After a period of time of treatment, the ulcers in their ears healed. Zhang Zhongjing’s donations lasted until the eve of Spring Festival. During Spring Festival, people celebrated Chinese New Year, and celebrated the recovery of their ears. They also followed Zhang Zhongjing to make jiao ers and ate them during Spring Festival. People call the food jiao er, jiaozi or pianshi, and eat them on Winter Solstice and Spring Festival so as to commemorate the dates of Zhang Zhongjing’s contributions and medical treatments.
张仲景距今已近1800年，但他舍“祛寒娇耳汤”的故事一直在民间广为流传。每逢冬至和大年初一，人们吃着饺子，心里仍记挂着张仲景的恩情。今天，我们用不着用娇耳来治冻烂的耳朵了，但饺子却已成了人们最常见、最爱吃的食品。Nearly 1,800 years have passed since Zhang Zhongjing’s contributions. But his story of donating “anti-chill jiao er soup” has been handed down among the people. In Winter Solstice and Spring Festival every year, people eat jiaozi and remember Zhang Zhongjing’s kindness. Today, we do not need to cure ear ulcers, but jiaozi has nonetheless become the most common and most popular food.
Diets for Laba Festival in Various Regions 腊八节的各地食俗
在中国，腊八节的腊八粥在各地有着各自的独特风味。一些地方还要加莲子、百合、珍珠米、意仁米、大麦仁、粘秫米、粘黄米、云豆、绿豆、桂圆肉、龙眼肉、白果、红枣及糖水桂花等，色、香、味俱佳。近年还有加入黑米的。这种腊八粥可供食疗，有健脾、开胃、补气、安神、清心、养血等功效。The Laba Festival have different rice porridges in different places. In some place, materials such as lotus seeds, lily roots, pearl rice, coix seed rice, barley rice, sticky Shu rice, sticky yellow rice, kidney beans, mung beans, dried longan, fresh longan, ginkgo biloba, Chinese dates and sugar with osmanthus are added into porridge to increase its color and fragrance. Nowadays, brown rice is also used to improve people’s health by improving spleen function, helping digestion, increasing energy, soothing the nerves, clearing the mind and improving blood quality.
腊八粥，别称八宝粥，以小米为主，附加以豇豆、小豆、绿豆、小枣，还有粘黄米、大米、江米等煮之。晋东南地区，腊月初五即用小豆、红豆、豇豆、红薯、花生、江米、柿饼，合水煮粥，又叫甜饭，亦是食俗之一。Laba porridge, also known as “eight treasure porridge,” is mainly made with millet and other ingredients such as cowpeas, red bean, mung bean, Chinese date, sticky yellow rice and glutinous rice. In southeast Shanxi Province, people cook porridge with red bean, adzuki bean, cowpeas, peanuts, glutinous rice and dried persimmon on the fifth day of the 12th month of the Chinese lunar calendar. Local people call the food sweet porridge.
山东Shandong
在山东“孔府食制”中，规定“腊八粥”分两种，一种是用意米仁、桂圆、莲子、百合、栗子、红枣、粳米等熬成的，盛入碗里还要加些“粥果”，主要是雕刻成各种形状的水果，是为点缀。这种粥专供孔府主人及十二府主人食用。另一种是用大米、肉片、白菜、豆腐等煮成的，是给孔府里当差们喝的。According to the Confucius Diet in Shandong, Laba porridge consists of two types: The first type is made of coix seed rice, dried longan, lotus seeds, lily roots, chestnuts, Chinese dates and rice. After the porridge is put in a bowl, some fruits are carved into different shapes and added for decoration. Such porridge is specially for the master of Confucius Mansion and masters of the other 12 mansions; the other type is made of rice, pork, cabbage and tofu, which is for the employees in the Confucius Mansion.
四川Sichuan
地大人多.腊八粥做法五花八门，甜咸麻辣，而农村人吃咸味的比较多，主要是用黄豆、花生、肉丁、白萝卜、胡萝卜熬成的。异乡人来此品尝，虽入乡随俗，但很难习惯，现如今城市人吃甜粥的也不少，堪称风味各异。腊八与粥可谓密切相关，而粥喝在腊八，也算是喝出了花样，喝出了水平。Sichuan boasts a large geographic area and thus has different ways of cooking Laba porridge. Most people in rural areas prefer salty porridge made of soybeans, peanuts, chopped pork, white turnips and carrots. People in other areas find it difficult to eat such porridge. Today, many people in urban areas also like sweet porridge. Laba Festival is closely related to porridge. But different places have different ways of eating porridge.
天津Tianjin
讲究些的还要加莲子、百合、珍珠米、意仁米、大麦仁、粘秫米、粘黄米、云豆、绿豆、桂圆肉、龙眼肉、白果、红枣及糖水桂花等，色、香、味俱佳。近年还有加入黑米的。这种腊八粥可供食疗，有健脾、开胃、补气、安神、清心、养血等功效。Some professionals cook porridge with lotus seeds, lily roots, pearl rice, coix seed rice, barley, sticky Shu rice, sticky yellow rice, kidney beans, mung beans, dried longan, fresh longan, ginkgo biloba, Chinese dates and sugar with osmanthus are added into porridge to increase its color and fragrance. Nowadays, brown rice is also used to improve people’s health by improving spleen functions, helping digestion, increasing energy, soothing the nerves, clearing the mind and improving blood quality.
山西Shanxi
腊八粥，别称八宝粥，以小米为主，附加以豇豆、小豆、绿豆、小枣，还有粘黄米、大米、江米等煮之。晋东南地区，腊月初五即用小豆、红豆、豇豆、红薯、花生、江米、柿饼，合水煮粥，又叫甜饭，亦是食俗之一。Laba Porridge is made mainly with millet, with materials such as cowpeas, red bean, mung bean, Chinese date, sticky yellow rice, rice and glutinous rice. In southeast Shanxi Province, people cook porridge with red bean, adzuki bean, cowpeas, peanuts, glutinous rice and dried persimmon on the fifth of the 12th month of Chinese calendar. Local people call the food sweet porridge. This is one of the local diets for the festival.
Origin and Evolution of Hot Pot 火锅的渊源与演变
火锅的发展是渐进式的，完全是依据当时的器皿、社会的需求与原物料的发现引进，而加以变化的。就像“花椒”在没传进中国前，怎会有麻辣锅？“辣椒”在未进入中国时，又怎么会有辣的调味出现呢？三国时代，魏文帝所提到的“五熟釜”，就是分有几格的锅，可以同时煮各种不同的食物，和现今的“鸳鸯锅”，可说是有异曲同工之妙。到了南北朝，“铜鼎”是最普遍的器皿，也就是现今的火锅。The hot pot developed gradually, adapting to historical introduction of vessels, social demands and ingredients, just like China’s dietary development. For instance, it was impossible to have spicy hot pot before huajiao (pricklyash peel) and chili peppers were introduced to China. During the Three Kingdoms period, Emperor Wendi of Wei noted the “Five-Section Vessel” which could be used to cook different foods at the same time. This vessel is similar to today’s “2 in 1 Hot Pot.” In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, bronze was the most common vessel, which gradually evolved into today’s hot pot.
Chaozhou Snack – Laopo Cake (Wife Cake) 潮州小吃——老婆饼
老婆饼起源自广东潮州的点心，外皮烤成诱人的金黄色，里头一层层的油酥薄如棉纸，酥松得不得了，一咬下去碎屑便掉了满地，每一口都尝得到蜜糖般的香甜滋味！老婆作的饼受到老板青睐！Laopo Cake was originated from Chaozhou of Guangdong Province. The cake has a golden flaky crust with paper-thin layers inside. It is so crispy that one bite causes it to crumble apart. Enjoy this tasty cake which is as sweet as honey.
相传在广州，有一间创办于清朝末年的老字号茶楼，以各式点心及饼食驰名；某日，茶楼里一位来自潮州的点心师傅，带了店里各式各样的招牌茶点回家给老婆吃，想不到他老婆吃了之后，不但没称赞店里的点心好吃，甚至还嫌弃地说：“茶楼的点心竟是如此平淡无奇，没一样比得上我娘家的点心冬瓜角！”Allegedly, there was a traditional teahouse famous for various cakes in Guangzhou established in the late Qing Dynasty. One day, a pastry chef from Chaozhou brought all the famous cakes back home for his wife. Unexpectedly, his wife did not praise the cakes after eating them. She even criticized the teahouse, “The cakes in the teahouse are so prosaic. They are nothing compared to the Chinese wax gourd cake made by my parents.”
这位师傅听了之后心里自然不服气，就叫他老婆作出“冬瓜角”给他尝尝！老婆就用冬瓜蓉、糖、面粉，作出了焦黄别致的“冬瓜角”；这位潮州师傅一吃，风味果然清甜可口，不禁称赞起老婆娘家的点心！Of course, the chef did not believe her and asked her to demonstrate. She baked golden cakes with Chinese wax gourd, sugar and wheat flour. Taking a bite of the cake, the chef couldn’t help praising the cake because of its sweet and delicious taste.
隔日，这位潮州师傅就将“冬瓜角”带回茶楼请大家品尝，结果茶楼老板吃完后更是赞不绝口，问起这是谁哪一间茶楼作的点心？师傅们说：“是潮州老婆作的！”于是老板就随口说这是“潮州老婆饼”，并且请这位潮州师傅将之改良后在茶楼贩卖，结果大受好评！“老婆饼”因而得名。The next day, the Chaozhou chef took some of the cakes made by his wife to the teahouse. The boss of the teahouse was profuse in praising the cakes and asked which teahouse made them. The chef said, “The laopo (wife) in Chaozhou.” Then, the boss unconsciously named it Chaozhou laopo cake and asked the chef to produce it for his teahouse. Soon, Laopo Cake became very popular.
叠出酥松的层次感“老婆饼”的绝妙口感，来自于里头层层叠叠、薄如棉纸的油酥皮；“米哥烘焙坊”主厨刘哲男师傅说，要作出这份层次感相当费工夫，首先在材料上，要将水油面团与油酥分开处理，将水油面包入油酥，开再折起，如此重复两次，利用水与油互不相溶的特性，作出酥松分明的层次感！师傅说整个过程中力道要均匀，千万不能将面皮秆破，两种面团和在一起，就会失去层次感！The excellent taste and texture of wife cakes comes from the paper-thin layers of bakery shortening crust. According to Liu Zhenan, chef of the Milk House Bakery, it is really a hard work to make them into different layers. First, we should divide oil dough from bakery shortenings through wrapping the bakery shortening into oily dough and fold the dough twice. As oil cannot be mixed with water, layers will be produced during baking. The chef said during the whole process, the force applied to the dough should be consistent so as not to break it. If the dough is broken, the dough and shortening will be mixed up and there will be no layers at all.
至于香甜的内馅，传统的潮州“老婆饼”包入的是冬瓜蓉，所以也称为“冬茸饼”，传入台湾后，甜馅内容改以单纯的糖为主，清甜的香味一样迷人可口！The traditional Chaozhou Laopo Cake uses Chinese wax gourd spread as a sweet stuffing. Thus, it is also known as wax gourd cake. When the cake was introduced to Taiwan, the stuffing was replaced with sugar, but the taste is equally delicious.
Chinese Food Names: Chinese rice & soup
饭类 稀饭 Rice porridge
白饭 Plain white rice
糯米饭 Glutinous rice
蛋炒饭 Fried rice with egg
Chinese Food Names: Chinese birds food
鸡鸭类 chicken and duck
白斩鸡 boiled chicken
棒棒鸡 chicken cutlets in chilli sauce
荸荠鸡片 saute chicken slices with water chestnuts
北京烤鸭 roast beijing duck
拆骨鸡 boneless chicken
炒鸡片 stir-fried chicken slices
陈皮鸡 chicken with orange flavor
葱油白鸡 boiled chicken with scallion
脆皮鸡 deep fried chicken with crisp skin
冬笋鸡片 saute sliced chicken with bamboo shoots
富贵鸡 steamed chicken with stuffing
芙蓉鸡片 chicken slices with eggwhite puffs
宫保鸡丁 sauted chicken cubes with chilli and peanuts
贵妃鸡 chicken wings and legs with brown sauce
蚝油扒鸭 grilled duck in oyster
红扒鸡 braised chicken in brown sauce
红糟鸭片 duck slices in wine sauce
葫芦八宝鸡 gourd-shaped chicken in stuffing
烩鸭掌 braised duck webs
酱鸡 chicken simmered in brown sauce
酱爆鸡丁 quick-fried diced chicken in bean sauce
椒盐鸡 chicken with spicy salt
叫化鸡 beggar’s chicken(baked chicken)
口蘑鸡块 chicken stew with mushrooms
辣椒炒鸡块 stir-fried diced chicken with green pepper
栗子鸡 stewed chicken with chestnuts
明炉烧鸭 barbecued duck with sweet paste
南京板鸭 steamed nanjing duck
汽锅鸡 yunnan-style steamed chicken
清蒸全鸡 steamed whole chicken in clear soup
砂锅鸡 chicken en casserole
烧鸡 grilled chicken
糖醋鸡条 sweet and sour chicken cutlets
油淋鸡 boiling oil scalded chicken
五香鸡 spiced chicken
香酥鸡 savoury and crisp chicken
熏鸡 smoked chicken
醉鸡 wined chicken
炸鸡卷 fried chicken rolls
樟茶鸭 smoked duck
纸包鸡 chicken wrapped in cellophane
云腿鸡片 stir-fried chicken and ham
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