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A new word has suddenly become wildly popular in China – "tuhao" – which loosely translated means "nouveau riche". There have been more than 100 million references to the word "tuhao" on social media since early September.
一个新词最近突然在中国爆红——“土豪”，勉强可以翻译为“nouveau riche”（法语：暴发户）。九月份上旬以来，“土豪”一词在中国社交网络上出现了1亿多次。
It's being used to describe everything from the new People's Daily building, to expensive celebrity weddings full of bling, and the new gold-coloured iPhone.
从人民日报社的新大楼到明星大腕纸醉金迷的婚礼，到新款的金色iPhone，一切都可以被形容为“土豪”。
In Chinese "tu" means earth, and "hao" means rich. To say someone is tuhao is to imply they come from a poor peasant background, and have made it rich quick – but don't quite have the manners, or sophistication to go along with it. It's like the term "nouveau riche", says Professor Steve Tsang at the School of Contemporary Chinese Studies in Nottingham – but has even more negative connotations, suggesting a certain vulgarity.
在汉语中，“土” 即庸俗、土气，“豪” 即富贵。说某人是土豪即意味着此人出身卑微，后来突然暴富——却没有培养出和物质财富相应的礼貌风范和城府。来自诺丁汉大学的当代中国研究学院教授曾锐生表示，土豪有点像是法语中nouveau riche 暴发户，但指代更消极，还稍嫌粗俗。
"Tuhao" is actually an old word – dating back perhaps as far as the Southern Dynasty 1,500 years ago – but it has always meant something rather different. During the communist revolution, from the 1920s to early 1950s, it was widely used to refer to landholders and gentry who would bully those beneath them.
“土豪”实际上是一个旧词——最早可以追溯到1500年前的南朝时期——但它的意义在历朝历代一直都在变化。在20世纪20年代至50年代的社会主义革命期间，它被广泛用于形容那些压迫农民阶级的地主乡绅。
This new usage of the term took off in September after a widely-shared joke about a rich, but unhappy man, who goes to a Buddhist monk for advice, expecting to be told to live a more simple life. The monk replies instead with the phrase: "Tuhao, let's be friends!"
今年9月份以来，这个词被赋予新的含义并重新启用，这是由一个广为流传的笑话所引发的。一个富裕却情绪消沉的人到庙里拜见高僧寻求指点。此人满以为高僧会指点他过更简朴的生活，没想到僧人却说：“土豪，我们交个朋友吧！”
Chinese internet users are highly creative in their use of language, and are constantly inventing, and re-inventing words as a way of getting past censorship rules. But in this case, its popularity seems to be down to the fact that it encapsulates China's changing society so well – many people sneer at those with wealth, but are secretly jealous.
中国网民在使用语言方法是极富创造性的，他们常常创造或改造词汇，以此来规避审查。但是对于“土豪”这个词，它之所以如此流行似乎是因为，归根结底，它正是中国社会转型的一个缩影——许多人对这些拥有财富的人表面鄙夷，暗中却非常妒忌。