Semi-colonial and Semi-feudal Era半殖民地半封建时期
Semi-colonial and Semi-feudal Era (1840–1919年)
As the second Chinese minority unifying the country after the Mongol, the Qing Dynasty established by the Manchu was once glorious for some 200 years but declined at the beginning of the 19th century, during which the British Empire output a great deal of opium to China, which aroused opium prohibition by the Qing authority. To proceed with the opium output, the British Empire started the First Opium War (Britain's invasion of China, 1840-1842) and the defeated Qing government was forced to sign the unequal “Treaty of Nanjing”, including ceding Hong Kong to British as colony. Then In the Second Opium War (1856-1860) against the British and French allied forces, China was weakened further and lost more and more in sovereignty and territory. The two opium wars commenced to shove China into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
The Chinese Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen in 1911 overturned the rule of the Qing Dynasty as well as the feudal social system that had lasted over 2000 years in China, and the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party) was founded based on the Chinese Revolutionary Party at the same year. In the next year of the revolution, Republic of China, which was the first democratic republic in Asia, was founded with Nanjing as the temporary capital. This is one of the greatest events in modern history of China.
Huang di’s Canon of Medicine 黄帝内经
"NAN Jing(难经 Nànjīng)," or "The Yellow Emperor's Canon of 81 Difficult Issues," is one of the most important classics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It seeks to explain and clarify some seemingly unfathomable statements in "The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon," the earliest surviving text on the theories and practices of TCM, dating back more than 2,300 years.
Chinese Baroque buildings to open to tourists中国巴洛克建筑将向游人开放
China's largest and most intact buildings in the "Chinese Baroque" architectural style favored in northeast China's Heilongjiang Province have been renovated and will open to tourists at the beginning of 2014, local housing authorities said on Tuesday.中国东北部的黑龙江省比较亲睐“中国巴洛克”建筑风格，当地房管部门周二表示，这种风格的中国规模最大、最完整的建筑都经过重新装修并且将在2014年初向游客开放。
Learn Chinese Songs– Small town story
ɡē qǔ ：xiǎo chénɡ ɡù shi
歌曲：小城故事Song: Small town story
ɡē shǒu：dènɡ lì jūn
歌 手 : 邓 丽 君Artist: Teresa Teng
The First Fire Tower of the Great Wall
7 kilometers south of Jiayuguan(嘉峪关Jiāyùguān) City lies the Great Wall's first fire tower(烽火台Fēnghuŏtái), regarded by some as the world's first frustum(a truncated cone or pyramid; the part that is left when a cone or pyramid is cut by a plane parallel to the base and the apical part is removed), or cut-off pyramid(a polyhedron having a polygonal base and triangular sides with a common vertex). This structure marks the western beginning of the Ming Great Wall.
Bagua Zhang (Eight-diagram Palm)
Bagua Zhang or the eight-diagram palm（八卦掌bāguà zhǎng） is one of the most popular schools in China. It is also called Youshen Bagua (roving eight-diagram), Longxing Bagua (dragon-shaped eight-diagram), Xingyi Bagua (Xingyi eight-diagram Chuan), Yinyang Bapan Zhang (positive-negative eight-plate palm), etc.
Yanshi in Henan
The Archaeological site of the capital of early Shang Dynasty (17th century-11th century BC) Location: Yanshi, Henan Province
Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties 宋朝、元朝、明朝和清朝
Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing (960 – 1911)
The Five Dynasties following the Tang is one of the most chaotic and partite periods in Chinese history and such situation terminated in 960 AD when Zhao Kuangyin founded the Northern Song Dynasty (capital: Kaifeng, a city of Henan Province today), which was ultimately overthrew by the northern minority power Jin. Similar to the situation of the two Han dynasties, the offspring of Northern Song Dynasty rebuilt the dynasty in Lin’an (known as Hangzhou today) after the falling down of Northern Song Dynasty and the new Song authority was called Southern Song Dynasty. Advantaged economy and culture were introduced from North China to South China with moving of the capital city, which greatly promoted the growing of the South; Chinese astronomy, science, technology and movable-type printing (invent by Bi Sheng) of the two Song dynasties ranked among the top in the world at that time. Whereas, the Southern Song Dynasty encountered the same destiny as its previous authority did and was overturned in 1279 by Mongol Khanate, a rising northern minority power.
Mongol Khanate was set up by Genghis Khan in 1206. The empire did not change its name until Kublai, the grandson of Genghis Khan, entered into the Central Plains (heartland of ancient China) and founded the Yuan Dynasty in Dadu (known as Beijing today) in 1271. After that, the many divisive powers that existed simultaneously for hundreds of years were conquered and China came into grand unification once again. It is during the Song and Yuan dynasties that the Great Four Inventions propagated to the world in succession.
The Ming Dynasty was established by Zhu Yuanzhang (Emperor Mingtaizu) in Yingtianfu (known as Nanjing today) in 1368. After the enthronement of Zhu Di (Emperor Mingchengzu), palaces, city walls and moat were constructed in Beijing on a large scale, and the capital was officially moved from Yingtianfu to Beijing in 1421. During the reign of Zhu Di, Zheng He (a eunuch of the dynasty as well as a famous navigator in Chinese history) was sent to voyage to the Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, Maldive Islands, Somalia and Kenya for seven times, which set a record of maximum in voyage scale and voyage distance before the Columbus era in the world.
大约在冬季–Probably in the winter
Ancient Chinese Clothing Accessories古代中国衣物配件
China is an ancient country with a very rich heritage（遗产yíchǎn）. The thousands of years of history have laid a rich basis for the lives of its inhabitants（居民jūmín） today. While some of the ancient Chinese myths and cultural traditions have been forgotten or are no longer observed, many of them are still remembered and incorporated into everyday life. Taking a look into the cultural traditions of China can reveal a lot about the way that the people live. One of the most interesting bits of Chinese lore can be found in what is known as the Jade Culture. Jade was a very fashionable emblem of ancient Chinese Culture. From very ancient times, during the Western Zhou Dynasty, jade has been used as a decoration that used to hang from the sash holding the Hanfu (a garment that was a part of the Ancient Chinese Clothing) closed. Jade was important in China not only because of its beauty, but also for its virtue and cultural significance（文化意义wénhuà yìyì）. According to Confucius, jade had 11 virtues, some of which include beauty, purity and grace. Jade is of two types, soft jade, known as nephrite, which is native to China, and hard jade (jadeite) which was imported from Burma starting in the 1200's.
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